Man was born free and is everywhere in chains Essay Example

Man was brought into the world free and is wherever in chains Essay Example Man was brought into the world free and is wherever in chains Paper Man was brought into the world free and is wherever in chains Paper p. 29. 9 Ibid, p. 33. 10 Alexis de Tocqueville, The old Regime and the French upheaval (New York: Double Day Anchor Books, 1955), p. 69. (unique distributed 1856, distributer obscure) 11 Cited in Carter, p. 41. 12 Cited in Andrew Heywood, Modern Political Ideologies (London: Macmillan Press, 1992), p. 127. 13 Richard Sylvan, Anarchism in Goodin, Robert, Philip Pettit (ed. ), An ally to Contemporary Political Philosophy (Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1993), pp. 215-242. 14 Andrew Heywood, Political Ideologies: An Introduction (London: Macmillan Press, 1992). p. 193. 15 George Growder, Classical Anarchism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991). p. 191. 16 April Carter, p. 169. 17 David Miller, Anarchism, (London: J. M. Imprint Sons Ltd, 1984), p. 171. 18 George Growder, Classical Anarchism, p. 192. 19 Ibid,. p. 193. 20 Norman, P. Barry, An introduction to current political hypothesis, (London: Macmillan Press, 1981). p. 83. 21 John Passmore, The Perfectibility of Man (London: Duckworth, 1970), p. 189. 22 Andrew Heywood, Political Ideologies, p. 211. 23 Harold Barclay, People Without Government, p. 134. 24 David Morland, Anarchism, Human Nature and History, in Jon Purkis James Bowen (ed. ), Twenty-first Century Anarchism (London: Cassell Press, 2000), pp. 8-21. p. 21. 25 Goaman, Karen Mo Dodson. , A Subversive Current? : Contempory Anarchism Considered in Jon Purkis James Bowen (ed. ), Twenty-first Century Anarchism (London: Cassell Press, 2000), pp. 83-97. 26 Murray Bookchin, Anarchism, Marxism, and the Future of the Left (Edinburgh: A. K. Press, 1999). p. 154. 27 Andrew Heywood, p. 211. 28 David Miller, Anarchism, p. 183. Andrew Wallace/1592038/Dr. P. Bradshaw/Political Science/MAS2010.

Buisness and the Recession Free Essays

How AIG was influenced by U. S. downturn: AIG is a protection partnership that is global. We will compose a custom paper test on Buisness and the Recession or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now They have base camp in New York City, London, Paris, and Hong Kong. In the year 2000, the organization held the title for the 29th biggest organization on the planet. Things got ugly in this organization when, in 2008, they experienced a liquidity emergency and its FICO assessments were minimized beneath â€Å"AA† level. AIG needed to bring out various down credits and needed to offer some of its auxiliaries to take care of all. Source: Johnson, Rodney. â€Å"Is AIG a Tipping Point in This Recession? Boss Marketer Home Page. 24 Mar. 2009. Web. 14 May 2012. . How Sallie Mae was influenced by U. S. downturn: This Company was one of only a handful scarcely any organizations in business during this season of downturn that was influenced in a positive manner. With an ever increasing number of organizations falling flat and individuals losing their positions, this gives all Americans a lot more motivations to need to have advanced education and give their youngsters advanced educat ion. With the requirement for more instruction, comes all the additional expenses, and with an ever increasing number of individuals without employments, there is an incredible increment in requiring advances. That is actually what this company’s technique was and they made the most of the chance to give understudy credits to understudies the nation over seeking after an effective future. Source: â€Å"Sallie Mae. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Apr. 2012. Web. 14 May 2012. . How Lehman siblings was influenced by U. S. downturn: the Lehman siblings emergency initially started when Britain’s greatest home loan moneylender smashed 34 percent in early exchanging. Next, billions of dollars were cleared out when the FTSE fell beneath 4000 and it was by all accounts all declining from that point. Inside the following month following the Lehman Brothers crash, Bank of America took over Merrill Lynch and Mortgage mammoths Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac for all intents and purposes self-destructed. Source: Gamm, Scott. â€Å"Three Years Ago: Lehman Brothers Collapsed. † How to Save Money, Reduce Debt and Manage Credit Cards. 15 Sept. 2011. Web. 14 May 2012. . Government activity: in light of the economies downturn the administration took various activities. Projects were set up considered programmed stabilizers that would expand spending or slice expenses to whoever was affected by the ecession, without new enactment. Moves were made by the Federal Government on the side of the lodging and budgetary markets, increments in optional spending, and the death of boost bills. Source: Romer, Christina D. â€Å"From Recession to Recovery: The Economic Crisis, the Policy Response, and the Challenges We Face Going Forward. † The White House. White House, 22 Oct. 2009. Web. 14 Ma y 2012. . Do you feel any of the organizations assumed a job in making the present downturn or their own money related hardships? Do you feel they ought to have been progressively arranged to defeated budgetary hardships? Why or why not? I think generally, organizations did as well as could be expected to keep away from downturn, yet with regards to making their own money related hardships, taking out different credits didn't help any of the organizations whatsoever. I do concur that truly, they ought to have been progressively arranged to defeat the budgetary hardships and have more alternatives as opposed to putting themselves further into obligation. Should the legislature engage in â€Å"bailing out† significant U. S. companies? Why or why not? In the event that the administration can be of any assistance that doesn’t drive themselves or the organization into further harm then I don’t accept there is any explanation not to. Should organizations be required to take care of the legislature? Indeed completely. The administrations cash originates from us, the residents and it isn't reasonable that we would need to be paying off someone’s budgetary weights without the legislature being taken care of, in light of the fact that then we would need to give more cash when we may have money related weights of our own. Instructions to refer to Buisness and the Recession, Essay models

My First 7 Jobs

My First 7 Jobs You may have caught wind of a Twitter topic, “First 7 Jobs,” where celebrities and entrepreneurs have been sharing the list of … obviously … their first 7 jobs. What struck me about the lists I saw is that people didn’t seem to have as many “starter” jobs as I did. Buzz Aldrin’s third job was as a fighter pilot, and by his 4th job he was already an astronaut! I wonder if the following list shows a lack of focus on my part? Or perhaps on the bright side, a sense of curiosity? It’s possible that I started with my moment of fame and am only now rising back up to a position that meets my capabilities! Here’s the list: 1. Sesame Street My parents took my sister and me to audition for Sesame Street when I was 6 years old or so, and we both got the job. I learned that Oscar and Big Bird are the same person, and how to say Rubber Baby Buggy Bumpers many times fast. I learned how to put my checks in the bank and start saving. I also learned that I was not very good at voice over reports on what animals were doing. It’s harder than it looks! 2. Baby Sitting How a mother would trust the safety of a 2-year-old or 7-year-old to me still baffles me. Thankfully there were no mishaps that I can remember. I learned to keep  emergency numbers on the fridge, and not to argue when someone wanted to give me extra money. I discovered that I like kids and am pretty good with them, in small doses. 3. Helping out at my dad’s real estate management office At my dads office,  I learned how to file, collate, and copy. These paper-focused skills are, well, not as useful as they once werebut sometimes I am still the one to figure out how to clear a paper jam. I’ve always been great in an office environment. 4. Cashier at Carrot Top Bakery I got this job because my dad was friends with the owner, and was introduced to the world of bulk baking. I learned that even though I can do math in my head, I need to punch the actual numbers into the cash register so the business has a record of what was purchased (see my blog, How I Messed Up On My First Jobâ€"and What You Can Learn From My Mistakes!). When the phone company across the street went on strike, I learned that when you depend on one client for most of your business, you are at great risk. Perhaps this insight sowed the seeds of my entrepreneurial bent. 5. Counselor, Lifeguard and Swim Instructor at a summer camp To explore my “crunchy granola” side, I went back to my old, favorite summer camp as a counselor. I learned that the place was just as magical as a counselor as it was as a camper. And how to stay out all night without my 12-year-old bunk of campers finding out. Later in life, I used my lifeguarding skills to get free gym memberships when my salary didn’t support that luxury. Later, I shifted to a preference for monthly payments and more free time. 6. Assistant to a Director at the Yale Alumni Association This was a pretty great part-time job when I was in college. I learned how to suck up, and that when you have a position of power, no one will bat an eyelash when you can ask your student employee to run to get your dry cleaning. I also learned how to pick up dry cleaning. This trick of squeezing personal tasks into the workday has served me well as an entrepreneur. 7. Naturalist at Glacier National Park I volunteered for a summer after my sophomore year of college with the Student Conservation Association. In the remote mountains of Montana, I learned that not everyone appreciates my New York attitude. More practically, I gained skills in how to tie food high up in a tree and  make a lot of noise in the woods to warn the bears; and lets not forget the upside-down map tours of the park from behind the visitor center desk. I learned what crampons are. I also learned how to survive for a summer on the food available in a Montana corner store. I liked this outdoorsy type of job, and it led to my 8th job as an environmental education instructor. After that I went back to office jobs. What do you think my first seven jobs say about me? What do yours say about you? I’m curious to hear!

Parents Guide to the Pros and Cons of Homeschooling

According to statisticbrain.com, more than 1.5 million children in the United States are homeschooled. Homeschooling is a highly debated school choice topic. Parents choose to homeschool their children for a myriad of reasons. Some of these reasons are based on religious beliefs, others are for medical reasons, and some just want complete control of their child’s education. It is important for parents to make an informed decision regarding homeschooling. Even advocates of homeschooling will tell you that it is not the right placement for every family and child. The pros and cons of homeschooling should be carefully weighed before making that decision. Parents must examine the entire process of homeschooling instead of focusing on the idea of homeschooling. Pros of Homeschooling Flexibility of Time Homeschooling allows children to learn on their own time. Parents control how much time each day and how often their children complete their lessons. They are not boxed into the typically 8:00-3:00, Monday-Friday time in which traditional schools operate. Parents can customize their child’s schooling around their own schedules, their child’s ideal learning time, and can take school with them anywhere. In essence, a homeschool student never misses classes because lessons can be completed at virtually any time. Lessons can be always be doubled up on a particular day if something arises that interferes with the regular schedule. Educational Control Homeschooling allows parents to have complete control over their child’s education. They control the content that is taught, the way that it is presented, and the pace at which it is taught. They may provide their child with a more narrowed focus on certain topics such as math or science. They may provide their child with a more broad focus and include subjects such as art, music, politics, religion, philosophy, etc. Parents may choose the omit subject matter that does not align with personal or religious beliefs. Educational control allows parents to make every decision when it comes to their child’s education. Closer Family Relationships Homeschooling allows families to spend more time with each other. This often results in an increased bond between parents and children and amongst siblings. They essentially rely on each other for everything. Learning and play time are shared amongst all members of the family. In families with multiple children, the older sibling(s) can help teach the younger sibling(s). Education and learning often become the focal point of a family who is homeschooling. When one child is academically successful, the entire family celebrates that success because each of them contributed to that success in some way. Exposed to Less A big benefit to homeschooling is that children are able to be sheltered from immoral or corruptible behaviors that occur in schools across the country. Inappropriate language, bullying, drugs, violence, sex, alcohol, and peer pressure are all issues that children in schools are exposed to on a daily basis. There is no denying that these things have a profound negative effect on young people. Children who are homeschooled may still be exposed to things through other avenues such as television, but parents can more readily choose when and how their children learn about these things. One on One Instruction Homeschooling allows parents to provide one on one individualized instruction to their child. There is no denying that this is advantageous for any child. Parents can better identify individual strengths and weaknesses and tailor lessons to meet their child’s specific needs. One on one instruction also minimizes distractions helping the child remained focused on the content being taught. It allows students to learn at a faster rate with more rigorous content. Cons of Homeschooling Time Consuming Homeschooling takes quite a bit of time for the parent responsible for providing the education. This time increases with each additional child. Parents must take the time to plan and research the content that they need to teach their children. Teaching the lessons, grading papers, and keeping track of each child’s progress also takes a considerable amount of time. Parents who homeschool have to give their children their undivided attention during learning time which limits what they are able to do around their house. Cost Money Homeschooling is expensive. It takes a lot of money to purchase the necessary curriculum and the homeschool supplies you need  to educate any child adequately. Integrating any form of technology into homeschooling including computers, iPads, educational software, etc. increases the cost significantly. In addition, one of the allures of homeschooling is the ability to regularly taking your children on educational outings or field trips whose costs add up quickly. Underlying operational costs for meals and transportation must also be taken into consideration. The lack of proper funding can significantly inhibit the education you provide to your child. No Break No matter how much love your children, it is always enjoyable to have some time alone. In homeschooling, you are both their teacher and their parent which limits the time you can spend away from them. You see each other and deal with each other all the time which can lead to an occasional conflict. It is essential that conflicts are quickly resolved, or it can have a profound effect on the schooling itself. The dual roles of parent and teacher can lead to stress. This makes it even more important for parents to have an outlet for stress relief. Limited Peer Interactions Homeschooling limits the amount of social interaction that children can have with other children their own age. Interacting with peers is a fundamental aspect of child development. While there are other avenues to ensure that the homeschooled child receives this beneficial interaction, the diverse interactions available at a regular school are difficult to simulate. Limiting a child’s interactions to parents and siblings can lead to social awkwardness later on in life. Lack of Expert Instruction There are parents who have a background and training in education who choose to homeschool. However, the majority of parents who homeschool do not have any training in this area. It is not realistic for any parent regardless of their education to be an expert on everything their child needs from kindergarten through twelfth grade. This is an issue that can be overcome, but being an effective teacher is difficult. It will take a lot of time and hard work to provide your child with a quality education. Parents who are not properly trained can harm their child academically if they do not spend the time to ensure that they are doing things the correct way.

Reflection Paper on Organizational Behavior Course

Reflection Paper on Organizational Behavior Course When the Philippine Army (PA) gave me a Masteral Degree Scholarship, I was told to take a Human Resource Management (HRM) course. Since I chose to take my graduate course in UP Diliman {where I took my BA in Public Administration undergraduate course before going to the Philippine Military Academy (PMA)}, I enrolled in the School of Labor and Industrial Relations (SOLAIR) because they have an equivalent graduate course in HRM, which is the Master of Industrial Relations where I can specialize in Human Resource Development. The intent of my graduate study is to educate me with the latest trends, principles, procedures, programs, policies and concepts in HRM, and be able relate and apply†¦show more content†¦So in a way many would say that it is very easy to manage a military unit or organization since everyone must follow orders, but this is easier said than done. In my experience, especially in my field assignment in a comba t unit in a critical area, as a platoon leader I had my initial challenge as an officer. â€Å"Greenhorn† as I am, leading a group of majority veteran soldiers, wherein their previous area of operations enabled them to be involved in combat encounters with the communist insurgents with a more experienced and senior platoon leader, it is like a rookie trying to be a go to guy in a basketball team, where I have to earn their respect first before being accepted truly as their leader. Yes, they will follow your orders, but there will be times where this rule will be challenged especially in combat situations. Now here lies the relevance of the course on organizational behavior. Knowledge in human personality, perception and attitude would indeed be very important in this situation, although this is well covered in my undergraduate course in management, the ideas of Fred Luthan’s on the chapter on Personality, Perception and Employee Attitude; and Natasha Marinkovic Grbaâ⠂¬â„¢s (Lisa Matthewman, et al. â€Å"Work Psychology†, Chapter 3) chapter on Personality and Individual Differences refreshes my previous knowledge on the topic andShow MoreRelatedreflection paper on organizational behavior699 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿BUSI 2101 – Organizational Behavior INDIVIDUAL REFLECTION PAPER The main objective of this semester was to learn various organizational behaviors that are conducted in a business environment outside the classroom; these would help us as students and as future business entrepreneurs. Throughout the semester, every week different professors came and gave us lectures. Each lecture was about different topic with professors of different departments. 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Ethics †Moral Principles Free Essays

The term ethics is defined as a system of moral principles. When incorporating ethics with business it is extremely difficult to determine what is considered moral or immoral, as well as what is judged as justice in society. One viewpoint on this topic opposes justice can be compatible with business. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics – Moral Principles or any similar topic only for you Order Now The other viewpoint believes there is a line that draws between good and bad; it really depends upon the motive of the action. Is business ethics possible in our present day society? Matigari, a short story written by Ngugi wa Thiong’o, shows it is evident that Ngugi was trying to make it clear that ethics would be impossible in a democratic society. The main character in the story, whose name is Matigari, is continuously searching for truth and justice. â€Å"My friends! Can you tell me where a person could find truth and justice in this country? † (Ngugu, 1989) were his exact words when approaching people. The crowds would all look at him as if he were speaking nonsense. Matigari feels as though the democratic world in which he is living was created upside down. The builder sleeps in the open, the worker is left empty-handed, the tailor goes naked, and the tiller goes to sleep on an empty stomach† (Ngugu, 1989). He wonders where truth and justice lies in this world; for even those who farm are starving. His search leads him to a meeting called by the Minister for Truth and Justice. The real truth can be found within the oppressed. He had bui lt his own home, yet it was still taken away from him; it is a clear example of a capitalist private property. Matigari favours the labour theory of property, which gives labourers the right to own their own land. It is clearly not ethical to take one’s land away in which he or she worked upon. It is evident Matigari believes in the labour theory of property; whereas the government enforces a capitalist private property. The labour theory of property is a natural law theory that holds that property originally comes about by the person doing the labour upon natural resources. Land in its original state would be considered not owned by anyone, but if someone were to apply his or her labour to the land it would become their property. On the other hand, private property is central to capitalism (Samuels, 2002). Under capitalism, private hands control basic assets and productive resources. The major economic decisions are made by individuals or groups acting upon their own pursuit of profit. This is what the government has done; they have created the society into private property. For this reason, Matigari has declared for the labour theory of property to be sought out. The Kantian ethics believes all moral duties, maxims, or certain rules of conduct can be labelled either wrong or right. Act only on that maxim which you can will to be a universal law† (Macmillan, 1972). The universal law is fundamental. What is considered part of this universal conduct should be clear to everyone throughout the world. For example, rules that allow murder and cheating etc. cannot be part of the moral code. However, rules such as do not commit murder can be classified as a moral duty. Kant states one should only follow princip als that are morally correct. Moral rules are those that can be followed by people consistently throughout the world, no matter where one lives. Furthermore, the reward of virtue is not happiness but dignity and freedom (Macmillan, 1972). Kant tries to explain that when one is righteous and true, happiness is not the given prize, but one would receive self-respect and liberty instead. Real freedom means obeying no laws but only those that can be legislated as universal moral laws. Both viewpoints touch upon the topic of fear when it comes to ethics. â€Å"There is too much fear in this country†¦ Too much fear breeds misery in the land† (Ngugu, 1989). This so called fear in the story, Matigari, tries to explain that fear causes a society to become unjust. If everyone was too afraid to confront someone in which he or she were doing something unmerited then this injustice will continue. The democratic government is used as an example in the short story. All the citizens are too afraid to stand up to the prejudiced government; therefore, no changes were made until Matigari had no anxiety and fear of the government. In addition, the opposing viewpoint also speaks of fear in a society; although it is not exactly the same. No one ever obeys laws because they are scared but because one is morally trying to follow the universal moral laws. Freedom and fear cannot coincide when trying to make moral decisions. The Kantian viewpoint is one that is more comprehendible than the viewpoint found in the short story Matigari. It is agreeable that one can find ethics in business. A universal moral law is one that is shared throughout the world and would be agreed upon by all people from all nations. Due to the fact that there are many different cultures there is a â€Å"golden rule† to be found in all the great religions (Macmillan, 972). The golden rule is part of the moral code of anything that is judged as a moral principle. Being agreeable in all religions and cultures it would definitely be ethical to follow these rules of moral conduct. Such rules such as â€Å"thou shall not kill† (Lintin, 1999) can be found in the bible; it is part of the moral code. It is like an unwritten rule that everyone on this earth can understand that it is wrong to murder a human being. To a certain extent there is such thing as ethics when it comes to business and how a society should be run. How to cite Ethics – Moral Principles, Papers

Parkinson’s Disease free essay sample

SubstantianigraWhat Is Parkinson’s Disease? What Causes Parkinson’s Disease? Parkinsons disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects how the person moves, including how they speak and write. Symptoms develop gradually, and may start off with ever-so-slight tremors in one hand. People with Parkinsons disease also experience stiffness and find they cannot carry out movements as rapidly as before this is called bradykinesia. The muscles of a person with Parkinsons become weaker and the individual may assume an unusual posture. Parkinsons disease belongs to a group of conditions called movement disorders. Movement disorders describe a variety of abnormal body movements that have a neurological basis, and include such conditions as cerebral palsy, ataxia, and Tourette syndrome. Approximately one million adults in the USA are thought to live with Parkinsons disease; over 60,000 are diagnosed annually. The real figure is probably much higher when taking into account those who go undetected. We will write a custom essay sample on Parkinson’s Disease or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to the Parkinsons Disease Foundation, the economic toll of the disease in the USA is nearly $25 billion annually, including direct and indirect costs. The average annual medication costs for an American with Parkinsons disease is between $2,500 and $10,000. In the United Kingdom approximately 127,000 people have Parkinsons disease or 1 in every 500 people. About 10 million people around the world are estimated to be living with Parkinsons disease. A male has a 50% higher risk of developing Parkinsons disease than a female. In the majority of cases, symptoms start to appear after the age of 50. However, in about 4% to 5% of cases the sufferer is younger than 40 years. When signs and symptoms develop in an individual aged between 21 and 40 years, it is known as Young-onset Parkinsons disease. Apart from tremor and slow movements, the patient may also have a fixed, inexpressive face this is because of poorer control over facial muscle coordination and movement. Sir William Richard Gowers Parkinson Disease sketch 1886 2 People with Parkinsons generally have an unusual, stooping posture As a significant number of elderly patients with early Parkinsons disease symptoms assume that their traits may form part of normal aging and do not seek medical help, obtaining accurate statistics is probably impossible. There are also several different conditions which sometimes have comparable signs and symptoms to Parkinsons, such as drug-induced Parkinsonism, head trauma, encephalitis, stroke, Lewy body dementia, corticobasal degeneration, multiple system atrophy, and progressive supranuclear pasly. Parkinsons also affects the voice a British mathematician believes he has created a cheap and easy to carry-out test using speech signal processing algorithms to accelerate the diagnosis of Parkinsons disease. Max Little, who developed the algorithm at Oxford University, says that Parkinsons not only impacts on limb movement, but also on how people speak; on their voices. (Link to article) Parkinsons also affects sense of smell despite being incurable, doctors today can influence the course of the disease if Parkinsons is detected early enough; the destruction of brain cells can be slowed down this means a better quality of life for the patient for many years. Scientists have recently discovered that hyposmia, losing ones sense of smell for no known cause, might be a marker for the non-motor signs of Parkinsons disease. The scientists said Smelling tests in doctors offices are suitable for detecting hyposmia, but so too are tests conducted in public places such as pedestrian zones.(Link to article) Some factors may raise or lower the risk of developing Parkinsons Circumin an ingredient found in the spice turmeric, is apparently effective in preventing the clumping of a protein involved in Parkinsons disease, according to scientists from Michigan State University. (Link to article) Flavonoids adult males who regularly eat foods rich in flavonoids appear to have a co nsiderably lower risk of developing Parkinsons disease, compared to others who do not, researchers in the USA and UK reported in the journal Neurology. Examples of foods include berries, apples, some vegetables, tea and red wine. In this study, the protective effects come from anthocyanins, a subclass of flavonoids. (Link to article) REM sleep disorder people with REM (rapid eye movement) sleep behavior disorder may have twice the risk of developing Parkinsons disease or mild cognitive impairment, compared to others without the disorder, researchers at the Mayo Clinic reported in Annals of Neurology. (Link to article) Neurologist and co-author, co-author Brad Boeve, M. D. , said: Understanding that certain patients are at greater risk for MCI or Parkinsons disease will allow for early intervention, which is vital in the case of such disorders that destroy brain cells. Although we are still searching for effective treatments, our best chance of success is to identify and treat these disorders early, before cell death. Some reheated cooking oils aldehydes, which have been linked to Parkinsons, Alzheimers and other neurodegenerative diseases, as well as some cancers, can be found in some oils, such as sunflower oil, when heated to a certain temperature, and then used again. Scientists from the University of the Basque Country found that aldehydes remain in cooking oils after they are heated. (Link to article) Parkinsons disease is primarily caused by low and falling dopamine levels A person with Parkinsons has abnormally low dopamine levels. Dopamine-generating cells, known as dopaminergic neurons (types of nerve cells) in the substantia nigra part of the brain have died. Experts do not know why these cells die. When dopamine levels are too low, people find it harder to get things done, to control their movements. Dopamine levels progressively drop in patients with the disease, so their symptoms gradually become more severe. Dopamine is involved in the sending of messages to the part of the brain that controls coordination and movement. MidbraincrosssectionThe substantia nigra is in the midbrain and plays an important role in movement, reward and addiction Although Parkinsons disease is not a direct cause of death, it is a progressive disease, and symptoms get worse over time. Parkinsons is: A chronic disease a long-term disease. It is incurable. A progressive disease a disease that gradually gets worse. What is Parkinsonism? Parkinsonism is a neurological syndrome characterized by tremor, rigidity, postural instability, and hypokinesia (decreased bodily movement). A syndrome is the association of several clinically recognizable features, signs, symptoms, phenomena or characteristics that often occur together. Parkinsons disease is the most common cause of Parkinsonism. Put simply Parkinsonism includes the signs and symptoms that resemble Parkinsons disease. According to Medilexicons medical dictionary, Parkinsonism is: 1. A neurologic syndrome usually resulting from deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine as the consequence of degenerative, vascular, or inflammatory changes in the basal ganglia; characterized by rhythmic muscular tremors, rigidity of movement, festination, droopy posture, and masklike facies. 2. A syndrome similar to parkinsonism. Some features seen with Parkinsons disease that occur with other disorders (progressive supranuclear palsy) or as a side effect of certain medications (antipsychotic drugs). Parkinsons disease mentioned in history Descriptions of people with Parkinsonism date back to ancient Egypt. It is also mentioned in the Christian Bible and Claudius Galenus (Galens) writings. Claudius Galenus (or Aelius Galenus), who lived from 129 AD to around 200 AD, was a well-known Roman (of Greek origin) doctor and philosopher. Then there seem to be no clear references to PD (Parkinsons Disease) until the 17th century. Auguste Francois Chomel, a French pathologist, John Hunter, a Scottish surgeon, Hieronymus David Gaubius, a German physician and chemist, and Franciscus Sylvius, a Dutch chemist, physiologist and anatomist, all described Parkinsons-type signs and symptoms during the 17th and 18th centuries. James Parkinson James ParkinsonJames Parkinson (1755-1824) an English apothecary surgeon, political activist, paleontologist and geologist, wrote An Essay on the Shaking Palsy in 1817. In that work he is thought to be the first to describe paralysis agitans (shaking palsy), a condition which Jean-Martin Charcot renamed Parkinsons disease sixty years later. James Parkinson systematically described six people with signs and symptoms of the disease we know today as Parkinsons. They were not formally examined, but he observed them as they went on on their daily walks, and sometimes asked them to describe their symptoms to him. In his Essay Parkinson described the characteristic resting tremor, diminished muscle strength, paralysis, unusual posture and gait, and how the disease progresses over time. Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) a French neurologist and professor of anatomical pathology, also known as the founder of modern neurology. His studies between 1868 and 1881 are described today by medical historians as a landmark in the understanding of Parkinsons disease. He also clearly defined and explained the difference between rigidity, weakness and bradykinesia (a slowness in the execution of movement). Charcot is also famous for naming and being the first to describe multiple sclerosis. Drawing by Charcot of a Parkinsons disease patientDrawing of a patient with Parkinsons by Charcot Frederic Lewy (1885-1950) a prominent American neurologist is best known for the discovery of Lewy bodies, characteristic indicators of Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinsons disease. Konstantin Nikolaevitch Tretiakoff (1892-1958) a Russian neuropathologist. While writing his thesis for his doctorate at LAssistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, France, he described the degeneration of the substantia nigra in cases of Parkinsons he was the first to link this anatomic structure with Parkinsons disease. Tretiakoffs findings were not accepted by many in the medical community, until they were confirmed in further studies carried out by Rolf Hassler, in 1938. Rolf Hassler (1914-1984) a distinguished German pathologist. Hassler made important discoveries in the treatment of Parkinsons disease. In a 1938 published paper, he wrote that autopsies of Parkinsons patients showed that the most affected part of the brain was the substantia nigra pars pallidus, which lost many neurons and had an abundant accumulation of Lewy bodies. He became a pioneer in surgery for tremor. Arvid Carlsson (1923) a Swedish scientist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine in 2000 for his work on dopamine, Carlsson is best known for his work with dopamine and its effects in Parkinsons disease. He demonstrated that dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the brain and not just a precursor for norepinephrine. Carlsson and his research team at Astra AB (today AstraZeneca) managed to derive the first marketed SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) zimelidine from brompheniramine. He noticed that dopamine levels in the basal ganglia are particularly high this part of the brain is important for movement. He then demonstrated that when animals were given reserpine, a drug, dopamine levels dropped and the animals lost movement control he explained that in Parkinsons disease, dopamine levels also fall, causing loss of movement. Carlsson then showed that when L-Dopa was administered to the animals, their symptoms were alleviated. L-Dopa is a precursor of dopamine. This breakthrough led doctors to try L-Dopa on their Parkinsons patients with early symptoms. L-Dopa is still the basis for most drugs prescribed for Parkinsons disease symptoms. Kazimierz Funk (anglicized as Casimir Funk 1884 1967) a Polish biochemist. Until the arrival of levodopa, anticholinergics and surgery were the only available treatments for patients with Parkinsons.

Sappho Essay Example

Sappho Essay Example Sappho Essay Sappho Essay Island of Losses Summary of Introduction (Peg. 1 1) World Literature; An Anthology of Great Short Stories, Poetry, and Drama The introduction introduces a life of a young poet named Shop. Shop was known as being, Among the earliest known female lyric poets. Sapped poems were composed of detailed material which was recognized by the Greek Philosopher Plato. On the island of Losses, in the town of Eros, Shop was born to an aristocratic family. Following the death of her father, Shop continued to live her life with the aristocratic in her mothers inborn town, Imminent. Later in life, Shop had a daughter and they set their home in Syracuse, Sicily during, a period of political turbulence. The lyric poetry used by Shop was not something that was originally written in her time era. Most poetry was, passed from poet to poet with the goal of keeping the work intact and distinct from the poet who was reciting it. Because of the time era Shop was living in, she was able to keep her poetry distinct and made in her own identity. In most of her poetry Shop was freely influenced by the native folk songs, giving it a personal feel. Shop was the leader and teacher of a group of women and girls from aristocratic families. Because of this, she wrote most of her poetry for them and read it to them during their privileged meetings. Along with the native folk songs contributing to her poetry, her, Family, friends, and feelings, added to the sincerity of her poems. Most of Sapped poems did not survive. Most of the ones that survived are parts of poems found in Egypt. This poem, To an Army Wife, in Saris, is only one of two full poems found to this day. To an Army Wife, in Saris By: Shop Some say cavalry corps, mom infantry, some, again, will maintain that swift oars of our fleet are the finest that whatever one loves, is. This is easily proved: did not Helen she who had scanned the flower of the worlds manhood choose as first among men one who laid Troys honor in ruin? Warped to his will, forgetting love due her own blood, her own child, she wandered far with him. So Inactions, although you being far away forget u s, the dear sound of your footstep and light glancing in your eyes would move me more than glitter of Lydia horse or armored tread of mainland infantry. Understanding the Poem: . Reread the introductory material and then consider the following possibilities: (a) Shop is writing to a friend who is off with her husband in Saris (a city in the ancient kingdom of Lydia, in what is now Turkey); (b) a soldier, away on a tour of duty is writing to his wife back home. Who do you think is the speaker of this poem? Is it important to know who the speaker is? The speaker is a soldier away on a tour of duty, writing to his wife back home. It is very important to know who the speaker of their point of view. It helps give them a voice. 2. Why does the speaker mention the pinions of others (Some say) as well as his or her own opinions? Because this person sees their opinions as important as their own opinions and that it is important to see their point of view on things, Just like their own point of view on things is important to themselves. 3. To what extent, if any, do you think that Inactions has forgotten the speaker? To a small extent has Inactions forgotten the speaker. He is her husband whom went against the will of their parents with her. Forgetting who he is, is merely impossible. Analyzing Literary Technique: 1 . How does Shop appeal to the senses in this poem? What advantage do you find in her approach? Most of the word choices in Sapped poem Whelp the reader understand what they are reading with their senses. For example in line 14 it says she wandered far with him. It gets you to use your sense of sight. Because it gives you an image of what you are reading. By using senses in the poem it gives the reader a help in understanding in what she is trying to explain. 2. What is the function of contrast in this poem? Contrast is used not in exactly in the words she has written. For example dog is to car. The contrast that is in this poem is in the thoughts f the family members of this husband and wife. The parents are not in favor of them getting married, so their thoughts contrast with the thoughts of their children. 3. What does Sapped use of apostrophe contribute to the poem? By using apostrophe, it gives the reader the feeling of missing someone who is not there. In this case the man who is at war is missing his wife back home who, in his life at the moment, is missing. 4. Why does the narrator make an allusion to Helen of Troy? That way the reader can understand where this may be taking place and the time setting. Writing About Literature: 1 . Sapped attitude towards Helen of Troy is despite. She writes as if she despises what she has done and what could happen in the future. In a sense, Shop does treat her analysis of Helen of Troy fairly. What Helen of Troy did was not something that most approved of. So I think in Sapped defense, what she is saying about her is truly fair. The feelings that Shop is suggesting between Helen and Inactions is, Shop is giving the voice of the poem the feelings about Inactions, that Shop has about Helen of Troy. 2. Dear Friend, Im sorry I had to leave you. There are so many more things in this world, and with oh being gone, I had the feeling that I needed to explore it. The war that has possessed you, has possessed you completely. You were never my own, once you left. I have great memories of you. Going against everything my parents had said and marrying me anyway. How unbelievable. But this world is much fuller of experiences than I could have ever imagined, hence the reason I left. I have been searching for the things of this new world I am discovering and I hope you will understand. Yours Truly, Inactions Connotation: The attitudes and feelings associated with a word. These associations an be negative or positive, and have an important influence on style and meaning. The word love has a difference of feelings in the poem. It is happy and Joyful and then turns to sadness and sorrow. Figurative Language: Language that communicates ideas beyond the ordinary or literal meaning of the words. The word fleet in the poem is not known as a ship, it is known as the strong army. Onomatopoeia: The use of a word whose sound suggests its meaning. The word swift in the poem sounds like something that moves quickly. Swift does mean quickly or fast moving. But when re-reading the top of the poem its gives you clues in being bled to come to the conclusion that fleet meaner Army or Military. 12. R. 2. 1 (Evaluation) Students can evaluate how style affects the meaning of text. Most of what is used in the poem is imagery. It helps give you the image off man at War, writing to his lover back home. Other parts of the poem give you the image of someone returning home, a friend missing another, and the light glancing in someones eyes. 12. R. 3. 1 (Analysis) Students can analyze text for the authors style. The author uses a melancholy style of writing, by showing one lover leaving another. As written in the mom, She wandered far with him And the line, Being far away Gives you the sad feeling that is portrayed. 12. R. 4. 1. (Evaluation) Students can evaluate the depiction of human experience in literary works from diverse cultures, locations, and time periods. The time period is in Ancient Greek times. It shows this by having a lovers vendetta with the parents. This poem is kind of similar to the story line of Romeo and Juliet. By knowing that this was similar to Romeo and Juliet, it did help with knowing the time line and what could be happening at that moment.

Why We Selfie -- the Sociological Perspective

Why We Selfie the Sociological Perspective In March  2014,  Pew Research Center  announced that  over a quarter of Americans have shared a selfie online. Unsurprisingly, the practice of photographing oneself and sharing that image via social media  is most common among Millennials, aged 18 to 33 at the time of the survey: more than one in two has shared  a selfie. So have nearly a quarter of those classified as Generation X (loosely defined as those born between 1960 and the early 1980s). The selfie has gone mainstream. Evidence of its mainstream nature is seen in other aspects of our culture too. In 2013 selfie was not only added to the Oxford English Dictionary  but  also  named Word of the Year. Since late January  2014, the music video for #Selfie by The Chainsmokers has been viewed on YouTube over 250 million times. Though recently canceled, a network television show focused on a fame-seeking and image conscious woman  titled Selfie debuted in the fall of 2014. And, the reigning queen of the selfie, Kim Kardashian West, debuted in 2015  a collection of selfies in book form,  Selfish. Yet, despite the ubiquity of the practice and how many of us are doing it (1 in 4 Americans!), a pretense of taboo and disdain surrounds it. An  assumption that sharing selfies is or should be embarrassing runs throughout  the  journalistic and scholarly coverage on the topic. Many  report on the practice  by noting the percentage of those who admit to sharing them. Descriptors like vain and narcissistic inevitably become a part of any conversation about selfies. Qualifiers like special occasion,  beautiful location, and ironic are used to justify them. But, over a quarter of all Americans are doing it, and more than half of those between the ages of 18 and 33 do it. Why? Commonly cited  reasons vanity, narcissism, fame-seeking are as shallow as those who critique the practice suggest it is. From  the sociological perspective,  there is always more to a mainstream cultural practice than meets the eye.  Lets use it  to dig deeper into the question of why we selfie. Technology Compels Us Simply put, physical and digital technology makes it possible, so we do it. The idea that technology structures the social world and our lives is a sociological argument as old as Marx, and one oft repeated by theorists and researchers who have tracked the evolution of communication technologies over time. The selfie is not a new form of expression. Artists have created self-portraits for millennia,  from cave to classical paintings, to early photography and modern art. Whats new about todays selfie  is its commonplace nature  and  its ubiquity. Technological advancement  liberated the self-portrait  from  the art world and gave  it to the masses. Some would say that those  physical and digital technologies  that allow  for the selfie act  upon us  as a form of technological rationality, a term coined by critical theorist Herbert Marcuse in his book  One-Dimensional Man. They exert a rationality of their own which shapes how we live our lives.  Digital photography, front-facing cameras, social media platforms, and wireless communications begat a host of expectations and norms which now infuse our culture. We can, and so we do. But also, we do because both the technology and our culture expect  us to. Identity Work Has Gone Digital We are not isolated beings living strictly individual lives.  We are social beings who  live in societies, and as such, our lives are fundamentally shaped by social relations with other people, institutions, and social structures. As photos meant to be shared, selfies are not individual acts; they are social acts. Selfies, and our presence on social media generally, is a part of what sociologists David Snow and Leon Anderson describe as identity work the work that we do on a daily basis to ensure that we are seen by others as we wish to be seen. Far from a strictly innate or internal process, the crafting and expressing of identity has long been understood by sociologists as a social process. The selfies we take and share are designed to present a particular image of us, and thus, to shape the impression of us held by others. Famed sociologist Erving Goffman  described the process of impression management in his book  The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. This term refers to the idea that we have a notion of  what others expect of us, or what others would consider a good impression of us, and that this shapes how we present ourselves. Early American sociologist Charles Horton Cooley described the process of crafting a self based on what we imagine others will think of us as the looking-glass self, whereby society acts as a sort of mirror to which we hold ourselves up. In the  digital age, our lives are increasingly projected onto, framed by, and  filtered  and lived through social media. It makes sense, then, that identity work takes place in this sphere. We engage in identity work as we walk through our neighborhoods, schools, and places of employment. We do it in how we dress and style ourselves; in how we walk, talk, and carry our bodies.  We do it on the phone and  in written form. And now, we do it in email, via text message, on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Tumblr, and LinkedIn. A self-portrait is the most obvious visual form of identity work, and its socially mediated form, the selfie, is now a common, perhaps even necessary form of that work. The Meme Compels Us In his book, The Selfish Gene,  evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins offered a definition of the meme that became deeply important to cultural studies, media studies, and sociology. Dawkins described the meme as a cultural object or entity that encourages its own replication. It can take musical form, be seen in styles of dance,  and manifest as fashion trends and art, among many other things. Memes abound on the internet today, often humorous in tone, but with increasing presence, and thus  importance, as a form of communication. In the pictorial forms that fill our Facebook and Twitter feeds, memes pack a powerful communicative punch with a combination of repetitious  imagery and phrases. They are densely laden with symbolic meaning. As such, they compel their replication;  for, if they were meaningless, if they had no cultural currency, they would never become a meme. In this sense, the selfie is very much a meme. It has become a normative thing that we do that results in a patterned and repetitious way  of representing ourselves. The exact style of representation may vary (sexy, sulky, serious, silly, ironic, drunk, epic,  etc.), but the form and general content an image of a person or group of people who fill the frame,  taken at arms length remain  the same. The cultural constructs that we have collectively created shape how we live our lives, how we express ourselves, and who we are to others. The selfie, as a meme, is a cultural construct and a form of communication now  deeply infused into our daily lives  and loaded with meaning and social significance.

Teamwork Makes a Dream Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teamwork Makes a Dream Work - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that team working/interpersonal skills is one of the seven skills listed by the Chartered Management Institute as essential for business management. Traditionally, management exercised control over the organization through planning and control, solving problems, making decisions and giving orientation, all by itself.   Problem-solving used to be the prerogative of the management. In modern times, the above mastership culture has transformed into team leadership characterized by empowered individuals. The team oriented management has come to be known as the second industrial revolution which the Fortune magazine calls as the great discovery of the 1990s. Management through teams has proved to be the cornerstone for many organizations to realize enhanced organizational effectiveness and productivity. Thus, traditional individualistic functioning has been replaced by team functioning in modern times. Team oriented management is a flexible or ganizational model with â€Å"laminar and flattened structure† as opposed to the traditional organizational structure wedded to top-down (hierarchical) functioning. This flexibility of approach towards problem-solving envisages participation of all the team members at the same time in the decision making and problem-solving processes. Due to the underlying commitment, the team members would never overlook the common objective and most importantly, the team-based functioning is a morale-booster, cost-cutting technique, means of improving quality and productivity, leading to the highest possible organizational performance.... The functional role is drawn from the role theory which emphasizes the role as a part of social structure in that everyone has a role to play in a given activity. The functional role theory is explained in two perspectives of behavioural perspective and expectancy perspective. The former is manifested in an individual who is given or who has assumed a certain position in a community. The latter is manifested as an expected behaviour of an individual occupying a definite position in a society. Belbin states that while functional role is for survival, team role consists of roles required for the pursuit of the common objective (Gunduz, 2008). Self-managing teams The concept of self-managing teams has been discussed as early as 1997. Organisations have embraced the practice of self-managing teams for the sake of flexibility, decision making at the front-end and exploitation of employees’ capabilities to the fullest extent. The rationale behind self-managing is to make employees f ully accountable for their actions/performance rather than being dependent on their managers. This practice of day-day to management has been found to improve organisational performance for reasons of closeness between the front end people and the customers, the potential to improve ‘organisational learning and adaptability’ enabled by the freedom with which the teams can experiment with their work so as to formulate their own unique methods of problem-solving and the employees’ commitment made possible by their wider participation (Belbin R. M., 2012) (Wageman, 1997). Mixed Results Self-managing team concept has its own drawbacks in spite of the promise it holds for

Qualitative data analysis report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Qualitative data analysis report - Essay Example Additionally, the ease of reading the Terms and the ability of a site to secure privacy are also influencing factors. This paper concludes with a discussion of the results and brief literature review on the topic. The aim of this study is to explore better understanding of the interaction with Term and Condition among Thai student in different digital environment. This research is intended to figure out the ease in which Thai students understand Terms and Condition. The debate about the interaction between Terms and Conditions has been on the rise. This paper will provide further literature on this topic. By listening and writing down the views of Thai young individuals, the paper examines how loyalty, trust, privacy and security, and issues of terms and conditions impact the interaction. The research was conducted with a qualitative focus. Interaction of Terms and Conditions is a social experience. Exploring the interaction of students to Terms and Conditions through a qualitative focus means the interaction can be understood from both personal and social perspective. I conducted intensive individual interviews with a small number of respondents to explore their perspectives on the research question. The questions inquired the participants about their experiences and expectations related to the research question, the thoughts they have concerning online security, and about any changes they perceive in themselves as a result of their involvement in the study. In-depth interviews helped a lot when deriving detailed information about a person’s thoughts and behaviours. It offered a complete picture of the research question. It was used in place of focus groups and used to refine questions for future surveys of a particular group. In-depth interviews provide more detailed information than what is available through other data collection methods, such as surveys. It provided a more relaxed atmosphere in which to

Sharing Pirated MP3’s :: File Sharing Essays

Sharing Pirated MP3’s The sharing of MP3 music and its legality is a major issue in our legal system at this time. It has been a battle in the courts for several years now. It all began with the legendary downfall of the original bad boy of sharing, Napster. Despite the legal actions of the music industry, the file sharing community continues to thrive. Millions of users still log on to a handful of programs and illegally trade MP3’s and other computer programs. College students are suspected to be one of the major culprits of People to People file sharing. A survey was conducted in order to obtain an understanding of why students of James Madison University would use People to People sharing programs. More importantly, it was to gain insight into the ethical outlook of students in concern to the sharing of MP3 music files. The survey attempts to determine why, in light of the ethical issue and possible legal repercussions, do JMU students still trade illegally pirated music? The survey was composed of ten multiple choice questions and administered to twenty random students. The students were taken from various areas around the campus in order to obtain a wide variety of responses. It sought to have respondents who were of various age, race, and sex. The surveys were handed out in a classroom, a dining hall, and an events committee meeting for the University Programming Board. Students remained anonymous to the administer and their confidentiality was assured. Most of the students filled out the survey with relative ease and only had to debate on a couple of the questions. Several students were kind enough to give a few extra minutes of their time for various follow up questions. I began to ask students which questions gave them the most trouble. Many felt the last question, asking if downloading MP3’s for free is ethical, was the most thought provoking question. Nineteen of the twenty students surveyed downloaded MP3’s. Fourteen said they felt it was unethical to download the MP3’s, yet most of them continue to download. The question seemed to stimulate an ethical debate inside the respondents of which they had trouble answering. A vast majority of the students simply do not care about pushing ethics aside and continue to download pirated music.

ABC Management Company: Organizing for Mid-Range Service

1. List some of the important organizational and service factors that the executives of ABC Management should consider before responding to the owners of the three mid-range service properties. Since the hotels are within the mid range (350-500 rooms), a room director will be needed to supervise the departments that make up the rooms division, another director for the food and beverage department and supervisors in the subdivision under the food and beverage department.Other key members of the management team that should be included are a director of sales and marketing, controller, and a director of human resources. Other hotel service and organizational factors should also include an executive housekeeper and director of catering as part of the management team. Some of these positions may be limited as some of them can be done by one person. I am a strong believer in department heads. Considering that they are taking in three hotels with a range in size of 350-450 rooms each, it wo uld be best to consider department heads for more control and organization. 2. Create an organization chart that ABC Management could use to identify management positions for the operation of a 450-room, mid-range service hotel. Aside of the organization chart, briefly describe each management position’s primary responsibilities. Primary Duties of each department head are listed below. However, they are not limited. There are just a few items listed. Position Oversees Responsibility General Hotel Manager All departments†¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Responsible for maximizing revenues and flow through to GOP to meet or exceed budgeted EBITDA. †¢Ã‚     Responsible for preparation of property budget and forecasts. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Manages labor standards and property level expenses to achieve maximum flow through to the bottom line profit. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Promotes 100%Guest satisfaction throughout property. Instills the 100% guest satisfaction objective to AGM and hourly associates.†¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Ensures that all guest related issues are resolved in a manner consistent with the company’s goals and objectives. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Recruits qualified applicants. Trains employees in accordance with company standards. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Motivates and gives direction to all employees. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Communicates all policies and procedures to entire staff Rooms Division Manger Front Desk, Uniform Services, Housekeeping †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Train hotel associates/administration †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Communicates all policies and procedures to entire staff Supervise continuous 7 day/week, 24 hour front office operation, night audit and housekeeping operations and assigned staff, including hiring, training, evaluating performance and scheduling work. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Formulate budgets and prepare monthly revenue/expense forecasts. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Maintain customer service/satisfaction standards; handle customer service issues. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Maintain and operate all computer equipment. Food and Beverage ManagerFood Production, Restaurants, Banquets, Cocktail Lounge, Room Service †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Check budgets, payroll and food order invoices from suppliers †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Hire and schedules servers, bartenders and other food service employees, assigns kitchen staff to cooking and preparation tasks, and determines service standards for personnel. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Knowledge of American and ethnic cuisine, food preparation and the costs of purchasing items for particular dishes. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Plan menus for restaurants and special events like banquets. Sales & Marketing Manager Sales & Marketing†¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Develops and manages sales/marketing operating budgets. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Plans and oversees advertising and promotion activities including print, online, electronic media, and direct mail. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Develops and recommends product positioning, packaging, and pricing strategy to produce the highest possible long-term market share. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Achieves satisfactory profit/loss ratio and  market share in relation to preset standards and industry and economic trends.Controller Hotel Finances†¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Takes ownership for the production of monthly financial and management accounts, budgets and forecasts and to ensure strong financial controls and processes operate throughout the business. †¢Ã‚      Manages a designated team, ensuring month end accounts are prepared in a timely and accurate manner, producing statutory accounts, preparing business budgets and forecasts, managing cash flow and working cross functionally in order to champion commercial initiatives.Accounting Manager Payables & Receivables†¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Achieves accounting operational objectives by contributing accounting information and recommendations to strategic plans and reviews. †¢Ã‚      Meets accounting financial objectives by forecasting requirements. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Confirms financial status by monitoring revenue and expenses. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Maintains accounting controls by establishing a chart of accounts. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Guides other departments by researching and interpreting accounting policy; applying observations and recommendations to operational issues.Director of Human Resources Human Resources Department†¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Employee services and counseling. †¢Ã‚      Employee safety, welfare, wellness, and health. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Charitable giving. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Organizational and space planning. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Performance management and improvement systems. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Employment and compliance to regulatory concerns. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Policy development and community communication. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Compensation and benefits administration. 3. Create an organization chart that ABC Management could use to identify front office positions for the operation of a 450-room, mid-range service hotel. Aside of the organization chart, briefly describe each front officeposition’s primary responsibilities. Position Oversees Responsibility Front Office MangerAssistant Front Office Manager, Security Agent, and Reservations Supervisor †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Is able to effectively interpret financial results in regards to revenues, payroll, costs, and expenses. †¢Ã‚      Establish and monitor cost and expense control systems and procedures to achieve budgets. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Take corrective measures and actions to ensure highest possible profitability. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Personally and frequently verify that guests are receiving the best possible service. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Demanding on service standards as well as hygiene standards. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Ensures speedy and accurate service at all times.   Assistant Front Office Mgr Front Office Supervisor AM/PM, Front Desk Agent†¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Responsible for employees to project professionalism and are well trained to provide friendly service. †¢Ã‚      Periodically inspects rooms to ensure cleanliness and well maintained rooms. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Assists the Front Office Manger. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Aware of new market trends and activities of competitors.Security AgentSecurity of the hotel†¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Check doors and stairwells to make sure the locks are secure and no danger is lurking. †¢Ã‚      Patrols outdoors as well as room hallways and activity areas. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Response to complaints and calls for help. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Purchases, maintains, and monitor security cameras, alarm systems, and other electronic surveillance equipment. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Escort unruly patrons from the property. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Administrative Duties.  Ã‚  Reservations SupervisorReservation Agent†¢Ã‚   Reserves rooms for guests. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Interacts with upper management to inform them of special events or local  affairs. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Communicates with housekeeping and service staffs to share customer concerns and propose resolutions. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Communicates with the sales and marketing department for develop advertising and promotional campaigns.  Ã‚  Front Office Supervisor Front Desk†¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Reports to Assistant Front Office Manager. †¢Ã‚      Overview of the Front Office Department. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Checklist of all arrival and departures. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Handling complaints and issues about the service. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Welcoming and greeting all guests and the VIP. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Bookings and Reservations. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Supervise the Front Office Staff on a daily basis. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Schedule employees.Reservation AgentGuest Reservations†¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Register guests as they come into the hotel. †¢Ã‚      Inform guests on hotel happenings †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Works as a liaison between guests and maintenance personnel. Front Office AgentGuests †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Greets and welcomes guests. †¢Ã‚      Reservations. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Cash and Credit Card handling. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Check guests in.  The above positions may even be trickled down to just a few positions as they can go under one position. For example, the Front Offic e Agent can do the same tasks as the Reservation Agent. I indicated these for just in case ABC Management needed them in order to service the guests better by splitting up the positions and responsibilities.

The Importance of Scaffolding in Children’s Play - 2069 Words

One of the most successful and influential early childhood educational strategies that have been used to promote children’s social and cognitive development is scaffolding. Scaffolding generally refers to the process through which adults facilitate children’s learning by enabling them achieve a level of ability beyond the child’s capacity at the time (Scarlett, 2005). This essay will discuss how scaffolding facilitates and supports meaning making in children’s play. First, the essay will briefly introduce the concept of scaffolding and its importance in children’s development. The essay will then explore various early childhood educational theories that support or acknowledge the role played by scaffolding, the view of children as learners†¦show more content†¦The zone of proximal development refers to the distance or developmental gap between what the children can accomplish by themselves in learning and the next stage of learning which th ey can achieve aided by competent assistance from an adult caregiver. Bruner drew heavily from the works of Vygotsky, particularly the zone of proximal development, in conceptualizing scaffolding (Berk and Winsler, 2010 Lambert and Clyde, 2003). Vygotsky regards play as the leading source of children’s cognitive development (Vygotsky, 1962 Lambert and Clyde, 2003). For Vygotsky, children begin their development by first thinking with others or at the prompting of others before they are capable to think independently. Therefore, from Vygotsky’s approach, cognitive development essentially occurs through scaffolding where the child first interacts with the teacher (as the competent adult) who helps identify their zone of proximal development and gradually, through guided discovery, withdraws this guidance and support to enable the child think independently. The teacher identifies the zone of proximal development or the area where the childShow MoreRelatedStructured Play in the Classroom627 Words   |  3 Pagesmake-believe play is an important and unique context, providing opportunities to learn not afforded by other classroom activities. It should not be considered something extra that can be cut to accommodate more time for academic skills, nor should it be used as a means of adding â€Å"entertainment value† for inherently boring and decontextualized drills. 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Piaget’s key findings in the sensorimotor stage of a child’s development and the fact that children are active learners are highly applicable in an occupation such as speech language pathology. The same is true about Vygotsky’s ideas of scaffolding, social interaction, and the zone of proximal development. These beliefs of Piaget and Vygotsky are essential to the understanding and application of speech language pathologists in their language evaluations and in developing treatment plans forRead More Piaget and Vygotsky: The Psychology of Cognitive Development1701 Words   |  7 Pagesaround them. Piaget explained children’s maturation process by initiating a four stage developmental process which he considered to be univer sal. They are; sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete and formal (in Passer, M. et al., 2009). The sensorimotor occurs from birth up to two years old. Social interactions and the environment play a prominent role in the