Longinus from on the sublime Essay Example

Longinus: from on the sublime Essay Name: Course: Instructor: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Longinus: from on the sublime specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Longinus: from on the sublime specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Longinus: from on the sublime specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Longinus: from on the sublime Sublime theory is a style of writing or speaking that is used to expresses the content in a great way. Rhetoric is an art of persuading the minds of the listeners. Rhetoric is related to science since it through it that scientists try to demonstrate through different theory the existence of nature. In addition, it is through rhetoric relation that divine objects are explained. This greatness described by sublime is indescribable, limitless and immeasurable. According to Longinus, the term sublime, has never been clearly defined since it consists of many aspects such excellence, distinction, amazement and wonder, combined into one. I agree with Longinus for there are divine things in the nature whose, magnificent cannot be explainable. Therefore sublime which is the style used to express this magnificent is not definable. Longinus states that people pose some serious challenges to the theory of sublime. Some argue that sublimity is a natural art that is inborn hence; it cannot be taug ht nor acquired. However, Longinus disagrees with them and calls this perception a fault that people have towards sublimity. He adds that the other fault that people commit when it comes to sublimity is turgidity, which is a tendency to overdo sublime. This fault occurs when a writer goes overboard when describing the greatness of the content in the poem or speech. Another fault that Longinus describes is pseudo-bacchanalian that touches on application of unnecessary emotions in poetry or speech. He explains that emotions should go hand in hand with the content written rather than the writer imposing their own emotions where one is not needed. In my own opinion, I would say that the writers impose their own emotion that they feel regardless of the readers’ emotion since the writer is passionate about the subject. This faults that writers commit are what makes their work not to be considered sublime. Sublime in rhetoric theory is a product of the poet. According to Plato’s theory of knowledge, which defines knowledge as a belief of something that a person has when that belief is justified through, prove. Plato explains that having a belief alone is not the same as knowledge rather it is having a belief that is proven beyond doubt through sufficient evidence (Benson, 2000). This theory therefore exempts this theory of sublime since the theory does not provide proof beyond doubt on matters it expresses. Rhetoric theory therefore is not easily accepted in science and religion matters since in these two areas a measurable proof is needed to convince people of their existence. Therefore, in line with this theory Longinus reconciles that sublime writing is not something that is acquired easily but through experience. Longinus explains ways on how a writer can acquire knowledge on sublime writing through several ways that he proves by presenting examples of other writers. The fir st way he describes of attaining sublimity is through the greatness of thought. This greatness is achieved through the writer conceiving powerful ideas that the writer will successfully put in writing. The writer must put the idea into words, and it should reflect the same effect as the thought. The other way of attaining sublime in writing is the appropriate use of emotions that are both inspiring and strong in the poem or speech. The emotions should be genuine and in line with the content. I disagree with Longinus on choosing emotions; I believe that the writer should express the greatness of the subject according to how the writer feels since the idea is generated by the writer and the purpose is to persuade the readers. The other way is selecting and organizing the thoughts into writing using different writing features and combining them in a proper manner to attract and captivate the listeners. This is achieved through amplification, that is, putting more emphasis on all the details that are in that poet by strengthening the argument or situation behind it to give it more meaning. The other technique is visualizing the images of the ideas to create clarity to the audience or readers. This technique when blended well with the facts creates easy persuasion to the readers or listeners and makes them listen more closely. The other technique is figures that are used to create a deeper design or to deduce the situation. It works well in diverting the current situation at hand by providing relief to the listeners. Figures should be chosen and used depending on the occasion, place, purpose and the manner to be represented. Figures help in creating suspense to the listeners by masking the real design of the writing until later. Therefore, the critics who think that sublime is an art one is born with are incorrect. Though Longinus explains that it is not easy he clarifies that it is possible for a writer to attain sublime in rhetoric theory through learning, practicing and experience. Work cited Benson, Hugh H. Socratic Wisdom: The Model of Knowledge in Plato’s Early Dialogues. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2000. Print

English Vocabulary Review Essay Example

English Vocabulary Review Essay Example English Vocabulary Review Paper English Vocabulary Review Paper Essay Topic: Poetry Allegory This is a story with two or more levels of meaninga literal level and a symbolic levelin which events, settings, and characters are symbols for ideas or qualities. Alliteration This is the repetition of initial consonant sounds at the beginnings of words. Analogy This is a comparison based on a similarity between things that are otherwise dissimilar. Analyze This is to separate a whole into its parts. Antonym This is a word or phrase that means the opposite of another word or phrase. Archetypal Character This is a character in a work that represents a certain type of person. Arguement This involves one or more reasons presented by a speaker or a writer to lead the audience or reader to a conclusion on an issue. Aside This is a brief comment delivered by an actor, which expresses the actors thoughts. It is usually directed to the audience and not heard by other actors. Assonance This is the repetition of vowel sounds followed by different consonants in two or more stressed syllables. Audience This is whoever will be reading, listening or watching a story, text, or drama. Authors Purpose This is the reason for creating written work. Ballad This is a rhymed, songlike poem that tells a story, often dealing with adventure or romance. Central Idea The key point made in a passage Central Message This is the theme of a passage, story, novel, poem, or drama that readers can apply to life. Character This is an individuals mental or moral quality. Characterization This is the combination of ways that an author shows readers what a person in a literary selection is like. Characters These are the people or animals who take part in a literary work. Comedy This is a work of literature, especially a play, that has a happy ending. Comic Relief This is a funny or humorous episode inserted in the midst of a serious literary work. It is intended to relieve dramatic tension. Compare This is a method of relating how two or more elements or texts are SIMILAR. Compare and Contrast This is a method of relating two or more objects in a piece of work. Complex This describes something that is complicated, difficult, or consists of interrelated parts. Conclusion This is when you use pieces of information on a subject to base your opinion or make a decision. Conflict Often, an antagonistic relationship called a ________ drives the plot of a story or novel. Connotation This refers to the feelings and associations that go beyond the dictionary definition of a word. Context Clues These are in the text surrounding a word and give hints for the meaning of the word. Contrast This is a method of relating how two or more elements or texts are DIFFERENT. Cultural Elements This includes language, ideologies, beliefs, values, and norms. These elements help to shape the life of a society. Cultural Setting This is the phrase for the set of values, beliefs, and opinions shared by a group and surrounding the author at the time of their writing. Denotation The literal definition of a word is also called its __________. Detail This is a piece of information that is used to support a main idea. Dialect This is a form of language that is characteristic of a particular place or is used by a particular group of people. Dialogue These are the words spoken by characters in a literary work. Diction This is the writers choice of words, including the vocabulary used, the appropriateness of the words, and the vividness of the language. Direct Characterization When a character is revealed by clear descriptions by the author, this is called _____ . Drama This is a play, written to be performed by actors. Dramatic Poem This is a poem that makes use of the techniques of drama. The speaker is clearly someone other than the poet. More than one character may speak. Dynamic A character who changes during the course of a story is called a ______ character. End Rhyme This is the repetition of similar sounds that comes at the ends of lines of poetry. Epic Poem This type of poem is very long and usually relates the adventures of a legendary character or a national history. It is often passed down orally before being written. Euphemism This is the substitution of an agreeable or non-offensive phrase for one that might be unpleasant or offensive. Evidence This is the information that supports a thought or belief. Fiction This is writing that tells about imaginary characters and events. Figurative Language This goes beyond the literal meanings of words to create special effects or feelings. Figure A word or phrase that is not meant to be taken literally but figuratively is called a ______ of speech. First Person Point of View This is a point of view in which the story is told by one of the characters. Flashback This is a scene, a conversation, or an event that interrupts the present action to show something that happened in the past. Flat Character This is a person in a fictional work that is never fully developed by the author. Foil This character serves by contrast to highlight opposing traits of the main character to further define that main character. Foreshadowing This is the use of hints in written works about what will happen later. Form This is the structure into which a piece of literature, such as a poem, is organized. Free Verse This is poetry written without a regular rhyme scheme, meter, or form. Generalization This is forming a broad idea based on specific instances; inductive reasoning. Genre This is the category or type of literature. Haiku This is a highly compressed form of Japanese poetry that creates a brief, clear picture in order to produce an emotional reaction in the reader. It relies upon images taken from nature and on the power of suggestion. It has three lines of five, seven, and five syllables each. Historical Context The setting and circumstances in which a literary work is written or an event occurs. Historical Fiction This is a subgenre of fiction. It is written to portray a time period or share information about a specific event. It is set in the past and based on real people and/or events. Historical Setting This is the political, social, cultural, and economic time and place surrounding the creation of a literary text. Homonym This is a word that has multiple meanings and is spelled in the same way for both meanings. Hyperbole This is extreme exaggeration used in a literary work. Idiom This is a phrase in common use that can not be understood by literal or ordinary meanings. Imagery (1) This is the use of language that appeals to the five sensestouch, taste, smell, hearing, and sight. (2) This uses sensory images to help readers to picture a person, a place, or an event. Implied Meaning This is a suggested, but not stated, definition. Indirect Characterization This is when an author reveals a person in the story characterization through his/her words, thoughts, appearance, action, or what others think or say about him/her. Inference This is reading between the lines. It is taking something that you read and putting it together with something that you already know to make sense of what you read. You make an _____. Informational Text This is a type of real-world writing that presents material that is necessary or valuable to the reader. Internal Rhyme When words within a line of poetry have the same sounds, it is called ______. Internal Conflict This is when a character has a problem within him or herself. Interpretation This is the explanation of the significance or meaning of a work. Irony This is the contrast between appearance and reality or what is expected and what actually happens. Limerick This is a five-line poem with a rhyme scheme of A, A, B, B, A. Limited Third Person This is a third person point of view where that narrator relates the inner thoughts and feelings of only one person. Literal Meaning This is the ordinary, usual, or exact meaning of words, phrases, or passages. No figurative language or interpretation is involved. Literary Elements The components used together to create a fictional work are called _____. Literary Device A type of tool or strategy to enhance an authors style. Literary Period Literary works are often grouped into these because they share a time span. This allows analysis for traits common to an identified time. These can include conventions, styles, themes, and philosophies. Literary Summary A _____ summary is a synopsis of the events, characters, and ideas in a work of literature. Logical Fallacy This is a part of an argument that is flawed and makes the argument invalid, an error in reasoning. Lyric Poem This is a highly musical verse that expresses the observation and feelings of a single speaker. Main Idea This is the central and most important idea of a reading passage or presentation. Major Conflict The main problem in a literary work is called the major ____. Metaphor This is a direct comparison of two things, in which they are said to be (in some sense) the same thing. Meter (1) This is the rhythm or regular sound pattern in a piece of poetry. (2) This describes the length and internal structure of lines in a poem or play. Minor Conflict This is a small problem in a literary work. Monologue This is a long, uninterrupted speech by a character in a play, story, or poem. Mood This is the feeling that an author wants readers to have while reading. Multiple Meaning Words These are words that have more than one definition. They are called _____. Narrative Poem A poem that tells a story is called a ____ poem. Narrator This is the teller of the story. Non-Literal Meaning This is when the meaning is NOT exact or word for word. It is figurative and it requires interpretation. Omniscient Third Person (1) The point of view where the narrator relates the inner thoughts and feelings of every character is called _________. (2) This is a point of view; the narrator KNOWS EVERYTHING about the characters and events, and describes the characters and action from outside the story. Onomatopoeia This is the use of words that sound like the noises they describe. Opinion This is an expression of an authors personal belief. It is not something that can be proved to be true or false. Oxymoron This is something which seemingly cannot be, yet it is; a contradiction. Paradox This is a statement that leads to a contradictory situation in which something seems both true and false. Paraphrase This is the restatement of a written work in ones own words that keeps the basic meaning of the original work. Period This is an end punctuation mark that indicates the end of a sentence. Person vs. Environment This describes the type of conflict that places a character against forces of nature. Person vs. Person This describes the type of conflict when the leading character struggles with his/her physical strength against other characters, animals, or forces of nature. Person vs. Self This describes the type of conflict when the leading character struggles with himself/herself; with his conscience, feelings, or ideas. Person vs. Technology This describes the type of conflict that places a character against scientific advances, machines, robots,etc. Personification This is a type of figurative language in which human qualities are given to nonhuman things. Perspective This is a writers or speakers point of view about a particular subject, and is often influenced by their beliefs or by events in their lives. Playwright This is someone who writes theatrical plays. This person is also known as a dramatist. Plot This is the series of events that happen in a literary work. Poem This is an arrangement of words in verse. It sometimes rhymes, and expresses facts, emotions, or ideas in a style more concentrated, imaginative and powerful than that of ordinary speech. Poetry This is the third major type of literature in addition to drama and prose. Point of View This is the perspective from which a story is told. It is the way the author lets the readers see and hear the story; who tells the story Pun This is a humorous word play that usually is based on several meanings of one word. Repetition (1) This is a stylistic device where the writer repeats the same word, or phrase for the purpose of emphasis. (2) This is a persuasive technique in which a word, phrase, or entire sentence is repeated to reinforce the speakers message. Resolution This is the part of the plot where the conflict is ended. Rhyme This is the repetition of similar sounds at the ends of words. Satire This is writing that uses humor to ridicule or criticize individuals, ideas, or institutions in hopes of improving them. Scheme The regular pattern of rhyme found at the ends of lines in poems is called the rhyme _____. Sensory Details These are images to help the reader see or hear or feel things. These are details that appeal to the senses. Setting This is the time and place in which a literary work happens. Simile This is a comparison of two unlike things using the terms like or as. Slant Rhyme This is the use of words with similar or inexact end sounds to create rhyme. Soliloquy This is a long speech expressing the thoughts of a character who is alone on the stage. Sonnet This is a fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. Speaker In a book or poem, this is the voice which narrates the story or discussion. It may or may not be a character in the story or poem itself. Stage Directions This is information written in the script of a play to tell actors where to go or how to speak their lines. Stanza This is a group of related lines in a poem, similar to a paragraph in a story. Static Character A _________ character does not change during the course of the action. Subjective This term describes a narrator or writer who puts his or her own opinions and feelings into the description of the action in a piece of writing. It is the opposite of objective. Summarize This is to state briefly Support (1)To strengthen or prove an argument or idea by providing facts, details, examples and other information. (2) To strengthen your ideas and opinions with examples, facts, or details is to add _____ details. Supporting Evidence These are the facts or details that back up a main idea, theme, or thesis. Symbol This is a person, place, thing, or event that represents something more than itself in a literary work. Symbolism This is the use of objects or ideas that represent something other than themselves. Synonym This is a word or phrase that has the same or almost the same meaning as another word or phrase. Theme This is the message, usually about life or society, that an author wishes to convey through a literary work. Third Person Point of View This is a point of view where the author uses pronouns like he and she in telling a story. Tone This is the attitude that an author takes toward the audience, the subject, or a character. Tragedy This is a work of literature, especially a play, that results in a catastrophe for the main character. Universal Theme This is the central message of a story, poem, novel, or play that many readers can apply to their own experiences, or to those of all people. Viewpoint This is a writers opinion or standpoint on an issue. (Stage) Whisper A stage ____ is a dramatic device in which a line is delivered so that it cannot be heard by some of the characters in the play, but it can be heard by the audience. Word Choice (1) This is another way of saying diction. This can help reveal a) the tone of the work, b) connotations of meaning, and/or c) his style of writing. (2) This is the authors or speakers craft or style. It might be formal, informal, or even slang. Diction is a synonym.

An Analysis Of Liberal Democracy In Russia Politics Essay

An Analysis Of Liberal Democracy In Russia Politics Essay Russia is one of the important countries and the largest country in the world, which established worldwide power and influence in the international politics. The arguable question, in which interested a lot of knowledgeable people, is what the regime has the Russian Federation after the death of Communism and how it works. The majority of Western Europe and USA has very critical opinion about Russian politics and definitely argue that Russia has not liberal democracy. They also believe that it is unlikely to thrive in post-Communist Russia. In my essay I will debate if liberal democracy could thrive or not in Russian Federation, giving the arguments and facts of both sides. Firstly I will argue that liberal democracy cannot thrive in Russia because of many arguments. The first is the high level of corruption. The second is the siloviki and oligarchs, who have enormous political power. The third is absence of media freedom. The fourth is lack of civil society. The fifth is Constituti on, which give a lot of power to the president and no strong opposition. It means that Russia has a one-party system. However, there is some soil for liberal democracy. The first argument is democratic experience. The second argument is a right to create political parties. The third is a right to practise citizens’ culture and religious. The fourth is a freedom of speech, belief and discussion. I argue that liberal democracy could thrive in Russia, only if the barriers to liberal democracy will pass, such as corruption, siloviki, absence of media freedom. I will argue that to make more suitable soil for liberal democracy Russia should change a Constitution, to create a strong opposition, and emphasis for reforms, which protect individual rights, increase civil liberties, improve the well-being of citizens; develop society to pursue their interests and develop own talents. But, when these criteria would not be achieved, liberal democracy is unlikely to thrive in post-communist Russia. Criteria of liberal democracy Firstly, I would like to define democracy and describe the criteria of liberal democracy, looking which of them Russia has. According to McFaul, democracy is the institutional arrangement where the individuals have the power to make political decisions by means of competitive struggle. According to this minimal definition and implicit in ‘analysis of the rule of law, civil society and the party system in Russia is an ideal type of liberal democracy rather than a minimal standard of electoral democracy’ (McFaul, 2004: 2-3). However, liberal democracy has the criteria, by which we could judge Russian regime. The first is the control of the state by elected civilian officials; the military is subordinate to the government. The second is a right to form a party and contest the elections by any group, which adheres to constitutional principles. Thirdly, a right for different ethnic, religious or different minority groups should exist fo r practicing their culture or express their interests in the political process. Fourthly, the freedom of belief, opinions, discussion and speech should exist. The last is that the citizens are equal under the law.

By joining the European Union, the UK's doctrine of Parliamentary Essay

By joining the European Union, the UK's doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty has been considerably limited and changed, Discu - Essay Example The establishment of the European Union has weakened the traditional supremacy of the Parliament and affecting greatly the power sharing within the country. The current view of the powers of the Parliament is very different from the one that Dicey was talking about. Apart from the European Union, factors relating to the Human Rights Act of 1998 as well as the developments in the common law have greatly hampered the authority of the United Kingdom’s Parliamentary supremacy. The battle of supremacy has seen the parliament lose in some cases that were initially under its jurisdiction. In a case involving the oil giant, Trafigura and The Guardian newspaper in 2009, there was absolute non-adherence to the Bill of Rights as stipulated in the 1689 provision. The company was able to have the freedom of expression on parliamentary debates restricted to for several media platforms, The Guardian being one of them. This issue presented a test for parliamentary supremacy and its shakiness in the current forms. The fact that they were bent by a private organization brings situations where it is likely that they can bend several rules for specific interests courtesy of the provisions of the European Union Law. ... Another case that demonstrates the authority of the European Union over the United Kingdom Parliament was the one involving Van Gend En Loos3. The court ruled that â€Å"the member States have limited their sovereign rights, and albeit within limited fields, have created a body of law which binds both nationals and themselves†. This means that the country’s systems are inferior to those of the ones by the European Union. In its actual terms, the ruling provides that there is no law among the member sates that is capable of surpassing that of the European Union, the same applies to the institutions of the Union as opposed to those of the regional block. The law is becoming superior in diverse ways with several in-country as well as regional cases being given the European Union interpretation of the law. The European Community Act is a very important legal tool as far as the supremacy of the European Union is concerned. Passed in 1972, the law in section 2 has a provision requiring that all the preexisting statutes and the ones to be enacted must and should abide by the European Union Law, a situation that binds the United Kingdom Parliament to adherence with the directives of the law. This means that the Diceyian view of the supremacy of the Parliament is completely eroded, apart from being challenged by the successive parliaments; an Act of Parliament can be challenged by the European Law effectively. Section 3 of the 1972 Act provides that the decisions of the European Union Court of Justice binds all the tribunals and courts, this includes the United Kingdom’s parliament. Other treaties have been enacted crippling further the role of the United States Parliament, the most recent is the Treaty

Media Relations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Media Relations - Assignment Example With respect to Zimmerman’s case, Sanford police department and city officials would have instituted contingency measures meant to facilitate professional response to such situations. In this case, media relations officers for the police force should have responded to journalists’ questions in a consistent and convincing manner2. Relevant media respondents would have allowed timely provision of preliminary assumptions of Martin’s death. Such timely and convincing response helps to build public support; hence activating a positive public opinion for the institutions. Modern federal and state institutions across the US adopt substantial use of internet in their process of distributing information. In the case of Martin’s death, Sanford police department availed limited information through the city website3. Within the use of internet media, there is a significant growth of popularity in blogging from sections of participatory journalism and even from the mainstream public. Blogging utilizes technological advances used in HTML and FLP. Once organizations publish articles in their website, the technology allows readers to leave comments below the articles. This technology serves as an appropriate platform where media personnel and the public members engage in interactive conversations concerning a subject under considerations. Blogs, being a dynamic media technology, poses both positive and negative ramifications. Positive comments can enhance development of a constructive interactions; hence developing a reputable perspective on the article’s content4. On the other hand, lack of timely and reliable information in website articles like in the case of Martin’s death sparks the public to leave negative comments that twists public opinion on an

Calcutta University Essay Example for Free

Calcutta University Essay It is a great pleasure for one who engages oneself in writing a preface of this nature relating to a noble cause – cause of spreading education in a region suffering from many shortcomings in the field of higher education. North Bengal as a region is full of rich social systems with diversified cultural heritage and only through proper educational facilities can these sociocultural diversities be made known to other parts of this country. With this definite purpose in view, our University started imparting higher education through the Distance Education mode – a mode hitherto unpractised and untested. As the seat for higher learning in this vast region, is well aware of its social commitment – commitment to reach every nook and corner with the lamp of education. We believe and it is admitted that Universities and other Educational Institution should play the role of a catalyst for social change which is again dependent on large scale participation of the young people in the policy formulation process, may be directly or indirectly. In fact, with this end in view, the University decided and decided rightly, to open the door of higher education to the lakhs of young but aspiring people in this region. It is really heartening to note that the response the University has received and is receiving is simply overwhelming. It shows that the decision of offering education through Distance Education mode is not only justified but also relevant. Distance Education programme which is being carried through the Directorate of Distance Education, University of North Bengal cannot be successful without the support and cooperation from all sections of the population. Such an enterprise by University runs on a reciprocal basis – a reciprocity which can build a solid foundation in this respect. The University should be considered as a rallying point around which all the education loving people of different cross section of the society should come closer. The enterprise is loaded with ambition – the idea of making a brighter tomorrow. What is needed is the application of collective wisdom and in this respect, our region does not, in any way, lag behind. Sincere effort and dedication will ultimately win. Prof. Pradip Kumar Sengupta Director 5 6 TH E C O LLEG E STU D Y C EN TR ES Balurghat College Distance Education Centre P. O. Balurghat, Dt. Dakshin Dinajpur, PIN – 733 101 Co-ordinator Shri Purushottam Haldar, Department Of Chemistry Phone – (03522) 255392 (O)/ 257521 (R) Jalpaiguri A. C. College Distance Education Centre P. O. Dt. Jalpaiguri, PIN – 735 101 Co-ordinator Dr. Dhiraj Kumar Basak, Reader in Physics Phone – (03561) 255554 (O), 255861 (R) Kurseong College Distance Education Centre P. O. Kurseong, Dt. Darjeeling, PIN – 734 203 Co-ordinator Sri Rohit Sharma, Senior Lecturer in Commerce Phone – (0354)2344223(O), 2330196 (R). Malda College Distance Education Centre P.O. Dt. Malda, PIN – 732 101 Co-ordinator Md. Jafrullah, Selection Grade Lecturer in Accountancy Phone – (03512) 220807 (O), 250175 (R) Raiganj College (University College) Distance Education Centre P. O. Raiganj, Dt. Uttar Dinajpur, PIN – 733 134 Co-ordinator Dr. Chinmoy Basu, Reader in Physics Phone – (03523) 252564 (O), 253733 (R) Siliguri College Distance Education Centre P. O. Siliguri, Dt. Darjeeling, PIN – 734 401 Co-ordinator Prof. Mrinal Kanti Ghosh, Reader in Physics Phone – (0353) 2436590 (O), 2512770 (R) University B. T. Evening College Distance Education Centre P. O. Dt. Cooch Behar, PIN – 736 101 Co-ordinator Sri Aniruddha Burmon, Lecturer in English Phone – (03582) 222714 (O), 226729 (R) Dambar Singh Degree College, Gangtok, Sikkim Sri Suresh Chettri, Lecturer in -charge Phone- (03592) 281743 7 1. THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL : The University of North Bengal was established by an Act of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly in November 1962 and affiliated to the University Grants Commission under section 2(f) 12(B). It was assigned the mandate during the course of its establishment of providing teaching, training and research in various branches of advanced learning and promoting the dissemination of knowledge to fulfill growing socioeconomic and technical manpower needs in the six northern districts of West Bengal known as North Bengal and the neighbouring state of Sikkim. The campus occupies an area of about 330 acres, 9 km outside Siliguri Town, the gate way of North East India and Bagdogra Airport, the only Air Port in North Bengal in the Terai region of Darjeeling district. The University Act was revised under West Bengal Act of XXV of 1981 and it came into force with effect from September 16, 1981. The University has played a pioneering role since inception in spreading higher education and inculcating scientific attitudes within the predominantly rural areas that comprise its vast jurisdictional territory. Well over 36,000 undergraduate students and over 1500 postgraduate students and scholars now enroll at different courses under the formal system of the University during any given year. Besides the territory under its immediate jurisdiction, the University also gets students and scholars from adjoining areas in Bihar and the North Eastern states of the country, as also from SAARC countries like Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal. Several pioneering contributions made by researchers at the university have contributed to wider understanding of the special problems that confront the Eastern Himalayan and sub-Himalayan region and have provided practical inputs for current developmental interventions in the region. The University offers courses in various disciplines under the faculties of Arts, Commerce Law, Science and in Medicine through its 73 Under Graduate Colleges including Engineering, Pharmacy, Medicine, Dentistry, Management and 21 Post Graduate Departments and 12 Centres. A part from the traditional programmes, the University has played a pioneering role in launching various professional job-related courses to help students interested in acquiring special skills to enhance their learning and earning capabilities. Besides the University is also offering various courses under the Distance Education mode to cater to the needs of further education of thousands of deserving students, particularly in remote areas through its Directorate of Distance Education. 2. THE DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION : The Directorate of Distance Education of the University of North Bengal was established in the year 2000 by a decision of the Executive Council of the University. It has introduced M. A. / M. Sc. / Bridge Courses in Bengali, 8 English, Nepali, History, Political Science, Philosophy and Mathematics under the Distance Education mode. It has also introduced B. A. (General) course at the Under Graduate level under the same mode. So far the Directorate has developed College Study Centres (see section 5 for details) in any one of which a candidate can pursue distance learning according to his/ her convenience. 3. OBJECTIVES OF THE DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSES : The main objective of the Distance Education is to widen the base of higher education among students who do not get opportunities to avail such education in the formal sector through admission as regular students in a University. Distance Learning or teaching through Distance Education courses is now a popular mode. It is recognized as an effective method of instruction in all advanced countries of the world. In the fast developing socio-economic milieu of today, educational facilities need constant refurbishing and augmentation. It is now acknowledged by the academics of all shades that it is learning, which is important, and not the channel or the process through which one gets enrolled for education. The educational system in India has been transforming from time to time taking into consideration the socio- political needs and economic conditions of the society. Although the contribution to several of branches of learning by the conventional educational system cannot be underestimated, the fact remains that education through the formal mode is accessible only to a few. The distance or open educational system has become an alternative mode of imparting instruction and has been meeting the demand for education of millions of people at different levels. It is an effort not only to solve the problem of over crowding in our educational institutions but also to equip the community with tools and skills to gain professional competence. However, every system has its own limitations and similarly every branch of study can not be opened through its system. Realizing the importance of the system the University of North Bengal has opened up its gate to this system of study to selected branches of disciplines at the PostGraduate level only at the initial stage. Later on it has introduced the same at Under-Graduate level within the given constraints. It may be noted that the Government of West Bengal has issued Order/ Notifications to the effect that Degrees obtained through Distance Education/ Correspondence modes shall be treated on a par with those in the formal/regular modes. The University Grants Commission has also recognized this course on a par with regular courses. 4. ELIGIBILITY FOR ENROLMENT: B. A. (General) : Any person having passed Higher Secondary (10+2) or equivalent examination from any recognized Board/ Council of Higher Education are eligible for enrolment provided he/she has obtained qualifying marks in each of minimum five subjects. The enrolled students shall be eligible to appear at the Part I/ II examination in the year corresponding to the regular students. A candidate securing at least 30% marks at the B. A. Part -I examination in each subject and in the aggregate 9 shall be eligible to appear at the B. A. Part-ll examination. Elective subjects to be offered other than compulsory subjects at the B. A. (General) course are Bengali, English, Nepali, Political Science, History, Sociology, Education and Philosophy. Bridge Course: Any graduate in the B. A. / B. Sc. (pass) (10+2+2 Pattern) from any recognized University is eligible for enrolment to this course provided that anyone of the subjects mentioned below must have been studied in the graduation level as an elective subject. Subjects: Bengali, English, Nepali, Political Science, History, Philosophy Mathematics. B. A. / B. Sc. (Honours) graduates (10+2+3 pattern/ equivalent) who have not studied any of those subjects as an elective subject in the third year but only in previous years are also eligible for enrolment. Duration of the course is one year. A candidate securing at least 34% marks shall be eligible for enrolment at the Post-Graduate Part – I on that subject under Distance Education mode. 5. ENROLMENT SCHEDULE : Candidates are required to submit the Application form for enrolment at the Directorate in the prescribed application form either in person or by post along with prescribed fee in cash in the University cash counter/ S. B. I. NBU Campus Branch counter or demand draft drawn in favour of the University of North Bengal on S. B. I, N. B. U. Campus Branch. Besides, candidates may also submit the Application form for enrolment along with prescribed fee through a crossed demand draft drawn in favour of the University of North Bengal payable at S. B. I, N. B. U. Campus Branch at N. B. U. Calcutta Camp Office, S-2/ 1, flat No. 1, Sector III, Block – FC, Shrabani Abashan, Salt Lake, Kolkata – 700 091 and the following colleges : Balurghat College, Malda College, Raiganj College (University College), Siliguri College, Kurseong College, Ananda Chandra College, Jalpaiguri a University B. T and Evening College, Coochbehar and Dambar Singh Degree College, Gangtok. Prescribed Application Form and Prospectus will also be available in these colleges and N. B. U. Calcutta Camp Office on payment of price of application Form and Prospectus through a crossed demand draft following the procedure mentioned earlier. 6. FEE STRUCTURE (IN RS. ) : Particulars B. A. Part -I 200 3,000 500 50 150 – 200 B. A. Part II 200 2,000 500 – 150 150 – Bridge Course 200 2,500 500 50 150 – 200 Enro1rolment Fee Cost of Study Material Examination Fee Identity Card Centre Fee Diploma Fee Registration Fee* 10 Late Fee Other Fees Examination reappearance Fee Defaulters Fee for not completing students sheets (assignment) Response 100 100 100 500 500 500 500 500 500 *For students other than North Bengal University. All fees shall be payable in one installment at the time of enrolment. Additional fees (if applicable) are to be paid at the time of filling up of the examination forms. Note : In cases where application forms are downloaded from University’s Website, the candtdate have to deposit Rs. 200/- in cash or through Bank Draft as fee for application and prospectus. 7. MODE OF PAYMENT : All payments should be made through a crossed Demand Draft drawn in favour of the University of North Bengal payable at State Bank of India, N. B. U. Campus Branch. Payments may also be paid in cash in the Cash Counter of the University Finance Branch and State Bank of India, N. B.U. Campus Branch. 8. MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION : Study materials will be supplied to the students either in Bengali or English at their choice mentioned in the application form for enrolment but one can write both in Bengali, English or Nepali on his/her answer papers in the examinations and also on assignment sheets, subject to the condition that only one particular language shall be used during examination. 9. SYLLABUS : The syllabi to be followed in the B. A. (General) course under Distance Education mode shall be similar to the regular B. A. (General) courses in the subjects concerned. For Bridge courses, the syllabi will be supplied to the enrolled students. Qualifying marks for appearing/taking the B. A. (General) part II examination are similar to that of the regular students. A candidate is required to complete the course in maximum four academic years from the date of joining to this course. Those who will not be able to complete the course within four years shall have to re-register as fresh candidates. 11 10. METHOD OF INSTRUCTION : Study Material : Instruction/Course Materials for each paper will normally be available from the college Study Centres as per choice of the students. Enrolment cards of the students will be dispatched to the students by post. Those intending to collect enrolment cards in person may collect the same from the Directorate of Distance Education. Assignments: There shall be assignments for every paper both for Part – I Part – II examinations carrying 15% marks. Candidates shall be required to complete the respective assignments and send it to the competent authority by post or in person within the stipulated time. There shall be two periodic assignments for each paper, the best of which in terms of marks shall be counted. The same is applicable for Bridge Course students. Personal Contact Programmes (PCP) : Personal Contact Programmes (PCP) to be organized in the colleges mentioned in item 5 or elsewhere within North Bengal will involve interaction with the teachers/counsellors. Duration of Personal Contact Programmes will normally be 8 – 10 days each for B. A. (General) Part – I, Part – II Bridge Course. PCPs may be organized in College Study Centres other than that where a candidate has taken admission in cases whose subject wise clusters of Colleges have been made due to insuffiency of students in a subject at a College Study Centre. Personal Contact Programmes shall be compulsory for a candidate for appearance at a University examination. 11. EXAMINATIONS: Examination Forms for all the courses shall be sent to the concerned students with all relevant information well in advance from the Controller of Examinations. The students shall have to fill the Examination Form as per given instructions and send the same to the university along with the Demand Draft of all fees by Registered Post so as to reach the University before the specified date. Admit Cards shall be issued to the candidates along with the  programme schedule well in advance of commencement of the examinations. 12. SCHEME OF EXAMINATION: B. A. (General) Part –I and Part – II Examinations will be held at the end of second year and third year respectively. Examination for Bridge Courses in Bengali, Nepali, English, History, Political Science, Philosophy, Mathematics will be held at the end of the course (one-year). 12 13. AWARD OF CLASS/ DIVISION : Students will be awarded Class/ Division as per rules of the University applicable for the Regular Courses. 14. RULES FOR REGISTRATION/ MIGRATION CERTIFICATE : The candidates who have obtained their Graduate/ Post graduate Degrees of North Bengal University and have not migrated to any other University will be required to mention the Registration Number along with the session. Candidates who are from outside North Bengal University shall be required to submit Migration Certificate in Original at the time of enrolment. Otherwise the enrolment shall remain as provisional upto two months, after which the Directorate of Distance Education reserves the right to cancel the enrolment without any financial liability on its part. 15. ENROLMENT/ROLL NUMBER : Every candidate who is admitted to the Directorate shall be assigned an Enrolment/ Roll No. which shall be valid during the entire period of the course when he/ she continues to be a student of the Directorate of Distance Education. In all communications addressed to the Directorate, the student must mention his/ her Enrolment/ Roll No. in full. Correspondence without the Enrolment no. will entail delays and difficulties both to the Directorate and the students and at times the office may not be in position to respond. 16. IDENTITY CARD : The Directorate shall supply each candidate an Identity Card. The blank Identity Card sent with Prospectus containing the Application Form must be filled up properly. The particulars may be attested by a College/ University Teacher/ Officer. The Identity Card must be preserved till completion of the course. This Card must be produced whenever required by the authorities and at the time of Personal Contact Programme (PCP), University examination and other purposes. The candidate shall be responsible for the safe-keeping of the I. D.  card ,the loss of which must be reported to the local police station before a duplicate card will be issued. A mutilated card must be replaced by paying requisite fees. 17. DOCUMENTS TO BE ATTACHED WITH THE APPLICATION FORM FOR ADMISSION : The following documents must be attached with the Application Form and any lapse in this connection may result in the delay in finalization of the admission process: 13 a) Prescribed fees by Demand Draft in favour of North Bengal University payable at State Bank of India, North Bengal University Campus Branch. b) Original proof for date of Birth i. e. Admit Card/ Certificate (M. P. / H. S. or equivalent), Marksheets, University Registration Certificate, other testimonials (to be returned on the same date) and attested copies of them is to be submitted. Original documents will be returned by post after the admission to the students who apply by post. The same can also be collected in person. c) Migration Certificate in original from the University studied (if applicable). The Migration Certificate shall not be returned. d) Recent stamp size photographs of the candidates (not to be attested) are to be pasted on the application form and on the Identity Card. 18. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS : a) If a candidate desires to obtain Migration Certificate from the Directorate of Distance Education by discontinuation of study, all the prescribed fees including those for the Part – II course shall have to be paid. There shall not be any fee concession to any category of students. Fee once paid by the candidate will neither be refunded nor adjusted. b) Candidates are not eligible for concessional Bus Fare Bus). (University c) If any of the dates mentioned in the Notification/ Circular etc. happen to be a holiday/ bandh, the relevant documents shall be accepted on the next working day. d) At the backside of the Demand Draft all particulars of the candidate must be provided. 19. CONTACT ADDRESS : All correspondences should be addressed to – The Director Directorate of Distance Education University of North Bengal Raja Rammohunpur P. O. North Bengal University Dt. Darjeeling, PIN – 734 430 West Bengal, India Phone : (0353) 2582116/ 2582117/ 2582218 Fax : 0353 2581546 Visit us at http//dddnbu. tripod. com E-mail:[emailprotected] com 14 NBU Kolkata Camp Office: S-2/1, Sector 3, Block FC, Shrabani Abasan, Salt Lake, Kolkata-91. Ph. No. (033) 23371836. 15 16.

Library of Alexandria Essay example -- essays research papers

HOW WAS THE GREAT LIBRAY OF ALEXANDRIA ORGANIZED AND OPERATED? WHO OR WHAT CAUSED ITS DESTRUCTION? For the extra credit assignment I have decided to compose as essay describing the great library of Alexandria. The library itself is wrapped up in a great mystery that has had many historians and archeologists heavily interested in its existence for many years. It has been recorded that the library of Alexandria held many thousands, if not millions, of books, volumes and other documents. The library is also believed to be one of the biggest libraries in human history. Its significance is of invaluable knowledge. The mammoth size of such a huge monument for the period of time that is existed is phenomenal. Even though it was significant in it’s time, the destruction of such a beautiful collection of thoughts, novels and other writings is somewhat of a tragic occurrence that has baffled many for years. Alexandria was founded in Egypt by Alexandria the Great. His successor as Pharaoh was known as Ptolemy II Soter. He founded the Museum or Royal Library of Alexandria in 283 BC. The Museum was a shrine of the Muses modeled after the Lyceum of Aristotle in Athens. The Museum was a place of study which included lecture areas, gardens, a zoo, and shrines for each of the nine muses as well as the Library itself. It has been estimated that at one time the Library of Alexandria held over half a million documents from Assyria, Greece, Persia, Egypt, India and many other nations. Over 100 scholars and scribes lived at the Museum full time to perform research, write, lecture or translate and copy documents (Hertzke 2004). The library got so large it actually had another branch or "daughter" library at the Temple of Serapis. There are many stories and rumors surrounding the real destruction of such a great library. It is still unknown exactly who are what destroyed the entire library but many stories and personal accounts that were put onto historical text much later on reveal clues to its possible â€Å"real† destruction. The first person blamed for the destruction of the Library is none other than Julius Caesar himself. In 48 BC, Caesar was pursuing Pompey into Egypt when he was suddenly cut off by an Egyptian fleet at Alexandria. Greatly outnumbered and in enemy territory, Caesar ordered the ships in the harbor to be set on fire. Sup... ...mar) all had an axe to grind and consequently must be seen as biased. Probably everyone mentioned above had some hand in destroying some part of the Library's holdings. The collection may have ebbed and flowed as some documents were destroyed and others were added. For instance, Mark Antony was supposed to have â€Å"given Cleopatra over 200,000 scrolls for the Library long after Julius Caesar is accused of burning it (Luciano 2005).† It is also quite likely that even if the Museum was destroyed with the main library the outlying daughter library at the Temple of Serapis continued on. Many writers seem to equate the Library of Alexandria with the Library of Serapis although technically they were in two different parts of the city. The real tragedy of course is not the uncertainty of knowing who to blame for the Library's destruction but that so much of ancient history, literature and learning was lost forever. Its importance and significance will never be resurrected, but will forever lay in a mystery. Only dreams and images can be pondered about what actually existed in such a great library. Scholars, historians and educated individuals can only daydream about what might have been.

Knowing and Knowledge Essay

Of Mary TMCCA Patterns of Knowing and Knowledge It is suggested that there are five patterns of knowing and knowledge in nursing. A nurse must develop and balance all of these patterns of knowledge in order to be effective. As in all of nursing, nurses refine these patterns with experience and reflection throughout his or her career. This knowledge is interrelated, interdependent and overlapping. Nurse, as any other profession develop their own pattern of knowledge as part of their profession, nursing being a unique profession with a unique pattern of knowledge because it requires intellectual knowledge, technical skill and is considered an art (Rutty, J. E. 1998). The first pattern of knowledge is emancipatory knowledge. This concept challenges the nurse to recognize the sometimes-subtle social and political ramifications influencing his or her practice and patient care. The nurse must first recognize that something is wrong, and then have the courage to meet the challenge to attempt to change the status quo (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). Hegemony is the ability of a certain group or dominant class to influence or control another population or group and influence them to accept their view. The hospital environment and relationships within them can be considered hegemonic, therefore, nurses learn early in their education that is conflict is common between hierarchies within institutions. Nurses learn early in their careers that hegemony can cause disharmony in their practice (Clare, 1993). In order to utilize this practice or pattern of knowing the nurse must question not only what is wrong with the picture but also who is benefiting from the status quo. It is assumed that the disadvantaged population or individual is not free to choose from the options that more advantage persons would be able to choose. The nurse must ask critical questions such as what is wrong with this picture and who is benefiting by keeping the status quo (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). Ethical knowledge in nursing has to do with doing no harm and doing what is right. Ethics asks what is right and who is responsible? Nurses are challenges daily in clarifying their values and exploring their alternatives when ethical dilemma’s occur in practice. Various techniques that can be utilized for this process, however the nurse must be aware that this process is likely to be emotionally charged, as it will challenge his or her deeply held values and belief system. The nurse must also explore other avenues of resolution to the problem from the viewpoint of facts and logic. The use of an ethical decision tree is often useful when making an ethical decision, as it add clarity to the situation. Ethical knowledge in nursing operates within fundamental principal and codes. These include such principles of autonomy and benevolence. These are guides to our practice of what the right thing to do (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). Griepp’s model of ethical decision making suggests that the nurse has personal belief systems and values however through education and knowledge development has the ability to change his or her beliefs or values. The nurse has the responsibility to always be aware of outside influences on his or her decision-making and carry out right behavior and knowledge (Griepp, 1992). Ethical and Moral Comportment is a term that refers to how nurses or individual behaves or acts morally relative to what they know ethically. This requires the nurse to integrate all patterns of knowledge into the decision-making process. Ethics being the knowledge of what is right, morality being the behavior or heart of what is right and is based on values. An individual has moral integrity when they behave in a manner that is consistent with their ethics. When nurses are unable or unwilling to maintain moral integrity they get moral distress. There are four types common ethical perspective in nursing. Teleology refers to what is right produces good. This concept often refers to the justification for the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Deontology refers to the principle that what is right may not necessarily produce a good outcome. When this principle is followed, it may be the right thing to do in the circumstance, but may cause harm. These two principles are often in conflict. The principle of relativism suggests that what is right in one culture or society may be different on another. This suggest that depending on time and place in history, what is right may change. Virtue ethics suggests that the person involved is important in the decision- making. The character and values or virtues of the person determines the ethical decisions made. The definition of virtue can be troubling when utilizing this principle, especially when referring to nurses as it is comprised of a high percentage of women, whose virtues tend to be obedience, submissiveness and self-sacrificing (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). Personal knowledge is the most difficult knowledge for nurses to describe and develop as it takes much introspection, interaction and experience. It is complex and unique to each person yet fundamentally one of the most important patterns of knowing (Rutty, 1998). Personal knowing is rooted in the central questions of; do I know what I do? And Do I do what I know? This concept is spiritual in nature as ones values, attitude and hopes are linked to what they know about themselves and how they view the world, joy and suffering, realities, and how each person learns to be authentic and genuine. Personal knowledge is guided and learned by self-reflection, personal stories and being ones genuine self. The creative process of opening and centering guides it. This process allows the nurse to be present fully with other individuals, and develop the strength and character to be authentic and genuine with others. This allows the nurse to give meaning to the experiences he or she has lived (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). Once knowledge is obtained, it becomes personal knowledge; this is part of our humanness. At times, the nurse must become uncomfortable in order to seek out personal knowledge as he or she explores and reflects (Sweeney, 1994). Personal knowing is how a nurse just knows something is about to happen or about a situation or another person. Personal knowing is the experience of the situation without conscious reason (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). Personal knowing is what leads the nurse to intuitive thinking. He or she cannot tell you why she has this feeling that this will happen, he or she just knows (Sweeney, 1994). When the nurse has a strong sense of personal knowing it is empowering and gives the nurse a sense of community. The nurse values human life more fully and is more giving to others as he or she is more authentic and genuine both with him or herself and with others as they must attempt to view the perception of others (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). Aesthetic knowledge is the art of nursing and how nurses find meaning and significance in each situation. This pattern of knowledge provides the nurse with insight into the human condition. This insight gives the nurse appreciation and inspiration for the practice of nursing. This pattern of knowing and insight allows the nurse to know the unique meaning to unique situations and transform problematic situations into therapeutic situations instantaneously. As in other patterns of knowing this pattern utilizes creativity by the nurse. The nurse must envision the possibility of the best outcome for a given situation and design through experience of past knowledge and present relationship and state as the situation takes place. This must integrate all patterns of knowing in order to be effective. While this is underemphasized in nursing practice, it is and integral part of nursing history. It is the heart of nursing excellence as it embodies mind, body and spirit to form the art and caring of nursing. This pattern of knowing takes discipline on the part of the nurse, as he or she must rehearse situations in advance (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). This pattern of knowing requires the nurse to be fully engaged and he or she must interpret each situation by looking beyond what is happening at the moment and envisioning various possibilities. One cannot fully explain in the form of language the art of nursing, however the nurse shows the art through interactions and skills (Mantzorou & Mastrogiannis, 2011). This pattern of knowing requires the nurse to know what it means to experience health as well as illness. Synchronous movements with ones language are important in this knowledge. The art of body language and touch is embodied with language skills. Eye contact, touch, facial expressions, tone and language skills are all important. When the nurse’s body language and tone matches what he or she is saying and he or she engages in therapeutic touch, language skills and body language skills a therapeutic environment is created. This therapeutic environment translates to aesthetic nursing (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). Empiric knowledge can be viewed as the science of nursing. This is the knowledge that is based on the senses. What can the nurse see, hear, touch, smell and possibly taste. They are the facts, figures, graphs, descriptions, and predictive relationships. Empirics can be validated and are viewed the same by all individuals, they are concrete (Mantzorou & Mastrogiannis, 2011). This being said, there are several dimensions to empiric knowledge as one must define the conceptual meaning of any given word or concept as it may have different meaning dependent on culture, the situation it is used, or past experience of the person imagining that word. Some concepts are based n continuums. The concepts of cardio-vascular health can be defined in many ways along the continuum. It would need to be more specifically defined along the continuum in order to be valid and clarifies an empiric concept. This creates identifies assumptions, clarifies context for theories, and designs relationship statements. Empiric theory can be defined in a number of ways. Chinn and Kramer (2011) describe empiric theory as â€Å"A creative and rigorous structuring of ideas that projects a tentative, purposeful and systematic view of phenomena†. This process requires creativity, rigor, structure, purpose and tentativeness on the part of the nurse (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). The fundamental concept of the servant leadership is relationship. One must have relationship with self and with others. This relationship relates to nursing as relationships and personal knowledge and self-reflection is an integral function of all patterns of knowledge. Listening, self- awareness, empathy, foresight and personal and professional growth all contribute to healing of self and others by a servant leader.

Compare how death is presented in three poems in the Anthology Essay

The three poems Remember by Christina Rossetti, Plena Timoris by Thomas Hardy and Refugee Mother and Child by Chinua Achebe all portray death in different ways. Rossetti explores the acceptance of death, whereas, in Refugee Mother and Child we see the unwavering love the mother has for the child. In the poem Plena Timoris the persona recalls how love can be so extreme that could lead to despair and death. What I found intriguing about these poems was how love could be both a dangerous and positive force towards the subject of death. Love could drive a person to their grave but also love could be the will for a person to stay strong and never giving up. Christina Rossetti a devote Anglican to whom church and family were paramount. It is known that two marriage proposals which did not live up to her religious fervour therefore she turned them down. Because of her religion Rossetti appears to have been obsessed with her own pending death in this poem. Her belief was that death was the ultimate goal for everyone, and because of such she very much planned her own pending death. The structure of this poem was in a Pertrachan Italian sonnet form. In this form poems are meant to be very structured and are need of following a strict rhyme scheme. However there was a change in rhyme scheme between the octet and sestet. In the octet the phrase â€Å"Remember me† was mentioned three times, but a sudden change was then noticed, as in the sestet â€Å"Forget me† was repeated twice. This change is used to suggest the possibility of forgetting and being happy rather having instructions to remember. This could show even before her death she was still doubtful between secular love and materialistic love. Chinua Achebe is a proud Nigerian who observed the civil war in his country and horrific suffering of the innocent refugees. In Refugee Mother and Child he relates the sadness of death between a child and a mother by writing in free verse. The line length of the whole entire poem was three lines. In the first stanza there is only one sentence, and in the last stanza two sentences were present. These long sentence increases the intensity on the images and also the enjambment suggests the suffering of these innocent refugees. Plena Timoris is set within the conservative morality of Victorian England where women had a subordinate and dependent position in a male patriarchal world. Hardy uses different tones throughout the poem to evoke how he thinks about love. He sees love in a very cynical view and is making an effort in portraying love is not everlasting but tragic and indecisive. In the first stanza the use of alliteration in â€Å"the lovers looked over† emphasizes love was lyrical and a harmony of life by the â€Å"l† sound produced. But in the second stanza onwards there was a sudden transition and the change of tone was turned emotionless and insensitive. From the phrase, â€Å"There’s a woman in the canal below† there is a sense of bluntness and matter of fact to it. This sudden contrast of tones between the stanzas just enforces how Hardy thinks about love. The rhyme scheme of this poem does not change, the structure is: â€Å"abbab, cddcd†. It is in a strict and orderly fashioned. This rhyme scheme reflects how Hardy feels abut love and death. That love would have happy times but at the end it will just lead to despair. Also by having such a strict rhyme scheme it also suggest how Hardy views women opinion in love. As this structure is so old fashioned it provides a kind of security and how the future is being set. This may be very well how women in the male patriarchal world viewed love therefore he viewed love in such a cynical way. In the poem Remember, Rossetti portrays death as an eternal and a beautiful thing, instead of fearing death like the other two poems. The persona appears to have been planning and waiting for her own pending death. Rossetti uses strong imagery to reveal about how she feels about death. The opening two lines of this sonnet â€Å"Remember me when I am gone away, Gone far away into the silent land† gives an idea of how she hints that she is dying. The phrase â€Å"silent land† could be translated as a cemetery or individual grave. It can also be seen as a metaphor as the phrase also suggests calm after life. All these techniques used by Rossetti could be seen that she is using euphemism to make death sound less harsh, and instead it is a goal that should be achieved by everyone. Whereas in the poem Refugee Mother and Child, Achebe reflects the sadness of death by creating a tragic atmosphere. This poem does so by introducing shocking images and strong words. In this poem it is full of pathos; it is a very emotional poem. The alliteration used in: â€Å"struggling in labored steps behind blown empty bellies† evokes a sense of harshness, as the â€Å"b† sound which is constantly repeated makes a very plosive sound. The juxtaposition used in â€Å"the rust – colored hair left on his skull† emphasizes how horrific death is towards the child. Not only is this phrase very descriptive but it also seems to describe the layers of death. It is very photo journalistic which makes the atmosphere very tragic and grave. In Plena Timoris death is conveyed in the strong imagery created by Hardy. The negative imagery in â€Å"And her arm dropt† symbolizes how because the woman in the poem sees love could lead to death it is in fear of it, therefore there is a loss of affection towards the man. The alliteration in â€Å"dim dreads† and â€Å"slowly sees† portrays a sense of insecurity coming from the woman. As she slowly sees how extreme love could lead the despair and death. Lastly, the phrase â€Å"till an arm upbore† in stanza two is a horrifying image. The word upbore gives a sense of death and the whole phrase conveys a sense of fear towards the subject death as it is being described as horror and terror. In Remember the poem creates a huge impact on readers. It is a poem which is very memorable. This is because Rossetti describes death in a very different way than most poets therefore standing out from the other poems. The repetition in this poem emphasizes the point of her point of view and the confusion between her religion and materialistic love. The phrases â€Å"Remember me† and â€Å"Forget me† was repeated a number of times and because of such it plays a great role in the poem. As it gives an impression on how Rossetti is judging between her church and her religious fervor. The strong descriptive imagery in the poem Refugee Mother and Child and the choices of word Achebe chooses makes this poem have a very strong impact on the reader. The beginning of the poem where allusion is used in: â€Å"No Madonna and Child could touch† by referring to a famous painting of Jesus and Mother Mary, emphasizes the point of love between the bonds of the mother and child very strongly. Also the strong imagery in â€Å"her eyes the ghost of a mother’s pride† gives an impression of how the mother is hanging onto the child’s life and as the child dies something inside the mother is dying too. These strong images are used often in Achebe’s poem, and because of such his poem have a strong impact on readers and this poem is very memorable. In Hardy’s poem it was very effective as the negative poetic techniques he uses describes about love in a very vivid and strong, also Plena Timoris gives an impact to readers because it shows very clearly the differences between love and death. The juxtaposition in† till hopeless despair began† gives a contrast between hope. By this phrase love is being described very negatively, and because of this the poem is very vivid in the readers mind. Also in the phrase â€Å"the girl’s heart shuddered; it seemed as to free her†. The semi colon used in this phrase is an intended pause to emphasize the sense of the women’s heart actually shuddering. Plena Timoris creates a strong impact on readers as the descriptive words he chooses allows the reader to imagine clearly what is happening. Personally I liked Refugee Mother and Child the most because Achebe boldly states that the human spirit and dignity of the Nigerian mother and the love she has for the child is greater than anything comparable in the Christian world. Though Hardy’s and Rossetti’s poem was not unforgettable pieces of work, I think Achebe’s is the better one because his comparisons stood out more than the ones Hardy had. Also the imagery he had and alliteration was stronger than Rossetti’s. By reading Achebe’s poem I felt and sympathized for the mother and child, and I thought the poets point was put forward very clearly on love and how strong it can be.

Social Media Optimization Increase Traffic Visibility - CoSchedule

Social Media Optimization Increase Traffic Visibility Are you familiar with social media optimization? If so, are your social media profiles and strategy optimized to help your content  rank in search and drive traffic to your blog? Its okay if your answer is I dont know. We wanted to know more about social media optimization and so we rolled up our shirt sleeves (not literally) and dug into some deep research. In this post, well share what weve found, and how to put some of that information to use. How To Increase Visibility With #SocialMedia Optimization via @bensailer What Is Social Media Optimization? The answer to this question is a little more complex and less obvious than what we expected to find. Marketer Rohit Bhargava is credited with coining the term back in 2006. According  to Bhargava, we can define social media optimization (SMO) as: The concept behind SMO is simple: implement changes to optimize a site so that it is more easily linked to, more highly visible in social media searches on custom search engines (such as Technorati), and more frequently included in relevant posts on blogs, podcasts and vlogs. Using this definition, SMO is similar to search engine optimization, in the sense that your goal is to maximize visibility and traffic to your site or blog from social media.  That sounds straightforward enough, but we also need to keep in mind that this definition is nearly ten years old. If SMO is anything like SEO,  then we can expect that some of those tactics which were relevant a decade ago, may no longer be relevant today. Our questions led to more questions before we started to find some real answers. We'll dig into optimizing your social channels in a bit, but there's something else we need to touch on first. Recommended Reading The Simple 10-Step-Guide To Better Search Engine Ranking For Writers How To Write Headlines That Drive Traffics, Shares, And Search Results Why Is Social Media Optimization Important? You have a few social media channels set up for your blog or business. You're posting content on a consistent basis (and you might even be using to help manage that process). There's always more you can be doing to make sure you're earning as much visibility  on social media as possible (and we say that because  we can always do more). Like with all things social media, once you stop moving, you start to sink. You have to keep active. Always crossing your T's and dotting your I's every single step of the way. When you stop moving on #socialmedia you start to sink. Be consistent! #blogging More specifically, SMO is  important because: Your social media profiles can rank for branded search terms, helping you hog more search result space. Paying attention to all the small aspects of SMO can add up and make a big impact. If you're not following these best practices, you may actually be hurting your social media presence and losing out on valuable referral traffic little by little. Once you've read this post, you'll be prepared to tackle the following goals: Increase the visibility of your social media profiles in searches. Drive more traffic to your blog or website from your social media platforms. Most of these recommendations pertain to small changes you can make on your  blog, website, and social media profiles. The focus here is on technical mechanics, rather than on the art and craft of creating content. Now, let's get to work. How To Make Your Blog Or Website Social Media-Friendly The first place to start with social media optimization is directly on your blog and/or website. This entails that you have a handful of items in place to make sure your site or blog displays content attractively when shared on social media. You'll also want to make sure it's easy and intuitive for users to share your content as well. You'll want to make sure your site or blog displays content attractively and is easy to share on social media. Add Social Sharing Buttons To Your Site Blog Posts If your site or blog doesn't have them already, it might be time to add social sharing buttons. While there is some debate over  the best placement for social media buttons on blogs, or whether people actually use them, they do make it easier for users to share your content. Need a plugin to add social sharing buttons to your blog?   Monarch  (paid) Social Warfare  (paid) Shareaholic  (free) Add Linkable Content To Your Static Website Pages Blog posts are inherently shareable on social media. If you didn't think your post was worth sharing, you probably wouldn't have written it in the first place. Static website pages  are pages on your blog or website that are static (like an "About Us" or "service" page). It can be difficult to make static pages interesting enough for people to share. And that isn't because they aren't important. It's because, there typically isn't much on those pages that make folks want to like, share, tweet, or pin them. What's the solution then? The solution is to  add value to your static website pages with linkable content. That means adding valuable content that can easily  be linked in social media posts. This provides something of value that people are likely to share with their followers. What can you add to your static pages to draw social media attention: White papers or e-books Videos Infographics Contest signup forms Create content that adds value to a page and gives readers a reason to share it. You could even consider creating hub pages with a ton of downloadable content all in one place. Our own Resource Library is just one example of what this idea can look like in action. Recommended Reading:  21 Social Media Engagement Tactics That Will Grow Your Audience Add Buttons In Your Blog Posts Adding a click-to-tweet button in your blog posts can  help give your content an extra push on Twitter. Pro Tip:  Pull interesting quotes or statistics that readers will likely find interesting and put them in click-to-tweet boxes so your readers can share them quickly. ClickToTweet is a simple web service that lets you create click-to-tweet links that you can copy and paste into your posts. Alternately, you can also use the awesome  Click-To-Tweet WordPress plugin  built by our very own team at . Here's what they look like in action: Are you doing social media optimization the right way? Find out here. #SMOAdd Twitter Cards And Facebook Open Graph Markup To Your Website, Blog, And Blog Posts Adding Twitter Cards and Facebook Open Graph markup to your web pages and blog posts can help you control how they appear when they are shared by others online. What Are Twitter Cards? Twitter Cards are simply a few lines of HTML that allow you to specify photos, videos, and other media that appear  when a page is shared on Twitter. There are four different types of cards you can choose from: Summary Cards: These include a page title, description, image thumbnail, and an @ attribution to your Twitter account. Summary Card With Large Images: These are the same as Summary Cards, but with a bigger image. App Cards: These feature a direct download link for a mobile app. Player Cards: These include a media player for video or audio content. Here's an example of what a Summary Card with a large image  can look like: What Is Facebook Open Graph Markup? In short, Facebook open graph markup is code that is added to your blog or website to help control how pages and posts appear on Facebook when people share them. It lets you control the image, title, and description that appears when a URL is shared on the platform. How To Implement Twitter Cards Facebook Open Graph Data On Your Home Page Twitter Cards are easy to implement on WordPress sites using the Yoast SEO plugin. Follow these steps to set yours up: Install the Yoast plugin,  if you haven't already. Find Yoast SEO in the WordPress dashboard on the left-hand-side navigational bar. Scroll down to Social and then select Twitter. Here, you can add Twitter card data to your site. You can also set it up to use a Summary Card or the Summary Cards with Large Images in your default option. Now that you've enabled the Twitter Card functionality, you'll need to specify which data and images you want to appear. For this step, we'll need to open the Facebook tab and fill out the Open Graph data. This information will be used when your home page is shared on both Facebook and Twitter, so you're knocking out two birds with one stone here. How To Add Twitter Cards And Facebook Open Graph Data To Individual Blog Posts Yoast also allows you to add Twitter cards to individual blog posts. Just scroll to the bottom of your blog post in WordPress, find the Yoast box (it should be easy to spot), and then click the button shown below  to find social media options. You'll be brought to a screen where you can add or edit the Open Graph data for Facebook. You'll also be able to create a card for Twitter here. That's all it takes. Pro Tip: For additional assistance on how to implement Twitter cards in WordPress, please visit Twitter's official Twitter Card support documentation. You'll find information for other content management systems there as well. How To Optimize Your Social Media Channels For Maximum Visibility Now that we know what social media optimization is, and we understand why it's important, it's time to get down to brass tacks and start implementing some tactics and best practices. Let's get started with one social media platform (Facebook, Twitter, Google Plus, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Instagram, and Youtube) at a time. How To Optimize For Facebook Let's get your Facebook page looking its best. Even if you've already filled out your profile, there is always room for improvement. Optimize Your Cover Photo There's more to having a good cover photo than just slapping something in there with your logo. Make your cover image 851 pixels wide by 315 pixels tall. Choose an image that clearly communicates what your blog or brand is about. If you want potential followers to give their email address or to visit your promotion that's currently running, consider swapping out your cover photo to promote it. Include A Relevant Call-To-Action Button Facebook gives you seven different call-to-action button options  that you can use. These include: Book Now Contact Us Use App Play Game Shop Now Sign Up Watch Video Here's an example of what these call-to-action buttons can look like: See the signup button? It takes users straight to our homepage, where they can choose to sign up for a 14-day free trial with . (P.S. Do you see how we used the cover photo to point to the sign up button?) You could share a link to: An email signup form. A customer service page. An app download. E-commerce page, or anything else that may be applicable. To get the most from your cover photo: Use a visually appealing graphic with a snappy headline. Include a visual indicator pointing towards your CTA. Write a strong image description for your cover photo (If you'd like, you can even include another link there as well). Add A Comprehensive Bio Section To Help Your Profile Get Found Don't skimp on filling out your bio (or the rest of your profile). Be comprehensive and include as much information as you can to help your audience. Make sure your biography includes relevant keywords (much like you'd use to describe your business on your website, or your About page on your blog). Be descriptive and show your personality. Being thorough in completing your profile can help your Facebook company page rank in the search results. Make Sure Your URL And Contact Information Are Up-To-Date If you have a business with a physical location, make sure the address and phone number on your Facebook page match your website. Also  make sure your website or blog URL is correct. I know, these might really seem like minor details, but you'd be surprised how often these are omitted or left incorrect. Sometimes the devil is in the details and if you aren't careful those small things will group together into something larger. Are you including links in your #Facebook image captions? #bloggingInclude Links In Image Captions This is sometimes overlooked, but remember image captions  offer another place to add a link. It's a small detail, but it can help add a bit of traffic back to your blog or website. This goes for your cover photo too. Here's an example from our Facebook page (and in case you missed it, yes, we really did give pizzas away! :) Upload Video Directly To Facebook Video is growing in importance for content marketing, with YouTube dominating as the online video platform of choice. Facebook has  taken steps to be more competitive as a place to find prime video content. For this reason, Facebook prioritizes and favors video posted directly into Facebook, versus video shared from YouTube (or somewhere else). To get the most reach from your video content on Facebook: Try posting video files directly into Facebook. Even if you usually share videos on YouTube, you still can (and should) like usual, but consider sharing that same video directly to Facebook. Pro Tip: For tips on how to upload video, follow Facebook's official support documentation. Embed Video From Facebook Into Your WordPress Posts This is another great way to increase the  reach of your Facebook video content. For tips on how to embed Facebook video into WordPress, check out this video tutorial: Here's what an embedded video from Facebook could look like on your blog: //

Social Security's Uncertain Future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Political Concept of Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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